Methods and apparatus for an optical illuminator assembly and its alignment

ABSTRACT

An optical illuminator assembly for an analytical instrument, such as a clinical hematology or a flow cytometer instrument, and method of aligning the components of the illuminator assembly and orienting the illuminator assembly. The illuminator assembly includes a plurality of optical components, such as a laser source, e.g., a laser diode, optionally a spatial filter, a beam shaping aperture, and a focussing lens. The optical components are mounted in or to a housing and are internally oriented with respect to the housing to produce a focussed laser beam output. The housing is in turn mounted on an alignment mechanism which can move the focussed beam in four degrees of freedom, thereby to direct the focussed beam to a particular location. Thus, a factory alignment and a low cost prealigned optical illuminator assembly is obtained, which can be easily oriented for use in an instrument.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to improvements in analytic instrumentsfor performing analyses on test samples, in particular to instrumentsfor performing a series of tests using different reagents and aliquotsof a particular sample. Such instruments include, for example, andwithout limitation, immunoassay analyzers, clinical hematologyanalyzers, flow cytometers, and chemistry analyzers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Analytical instruments are well known. They have been commercially usedfor many years in different constructions and for performing differenttest analyses by various methods.

In general, these instruments provide for receiving one sample at atime, and more preferably a series of samples, dividing each sample intoa plurality of aliquots, and performing one or more tests by combiningeach aliquot with one or more reagents. The reaction mixtures thusformed are then analyzed in a usual manner. For example, a calorimeteror similar measurement may be made on one reaction mixture. One or moreother reaction mixtures may be suspended in a sheath and passed througha flow cell, substantially one particle at a time, and illuminated inthe flow cell such that optical interactions can be detected. Theseinteractions may include scatter and absorption of the incident light ora fluorescent response to the incident light. The detected interactionscan then be qualitatively and/or quantitatively evaluated tocharacterize the sample aliquot under examination. The results of theinteractions on all of different reactions performed on the sample canbe evaluated to characterize the sample.

These instruments typically include numerous hydraulic lines, mixingchambers, valves and control systems to select the samples and reagentsto be combined to form the reaction mixtures, and to perform theinteractions to collect data. The result is a complicated, sophisticatedmachine that requires precise timing and fluid controls to processsamples in large volumes. One of the problems with these instruments isthat, because of their complexity, they may require frequent service,calibration and maintenance. They also are subject to breakdown, whichoften requires a field service visit. Instruments being out of serviceuntil repairs can be made results in significant lost business,particularly in the case of laboratories which perform a large number oftest analyses.

It is therefore, an object of the present invention to provide ananalytical instrument having improved component construction andoperation, which results in fewer parts, fewer service calls, andimproved durability and reliability, as compared to the knowninstruments.

It is another object to provide an improved analytical instrument thatis comprised of subcomponents and modules which are applicable to abroad range of analyzer types.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Broadly, the present invention is directed to an optical illuminatorassembly for an analytical instrument, such as a clinical hematology ora flow cytometer instrument, and method of aligning the components ofthe illuminator assembly. The illuminator assembly includes a pluralityof optical components, such as a beam source, preferably a laser source,e.g., a laser diode, optionally a spatial filter, a mask having a beamshaping aperture, another mask or beam shaping aperture, and a focussinglens. The optical components are mounted in or to a housing which is inturn mounted on an alignment mechanism.

The optical components are mounted in a manner that some of them are inpredetermined and fixed positions, while others are movable in one ormore dimensions, thereby to obtain an illuminator assembly housing thatcontains a properly aligned and focussed beam output. The focussed beamoutput is then used to interrogate the flow cell, and more particularlythe stream of particles passing through the flow cell to be analyzed.

The alignment mechanism is movable with four degrees of freedom, in thatthe focussed beam can be vertically and horizontally translated and thebeam can be tilted up and down and right and left relative to a z axis.As a result, the focussed beam, and more particularly a focal point, canbe moved in three dimensions so as to be positioned at a particularlocation. The alignment mechanism is limited by a range of motion, whichis a function of the physical dimensions of the components, and which ispreferably bounded by a solid cylinder area.

As a result of this construction, the optical components of theilluminator assembly can be aligned and focussed and the focussed beamproduced by the illuminator assembly can be oriented in the desireddirection. After the alignment, the alignment mechanism can be securedby, e.g., screws (herein referred to as "locking screws" although theymay be different locking structures).

One aspect of the invention is directed towards an illuminator opticalassembly for providing a shaped, filtered beam in an analyticalinstrument in which the assembly has a laser source having a laser beamoutput, a lens and a masking aperture. One such assembly includes afirst housing having an internal cavity and a longitudinal axis; asecond housing containing a laser source having a laser beam output anda collimating lens disposed in the laser beam output, the collimatinglens being mounted a fixed distance from the laser beam source toproduce a collimated laser beam output, wherein the second housing isadjustably coupled to the first housing so that the laser beam outputpasses through the housing cavity and is adjustable within a solidcylinder area to define a beam axis through said first housing cavity; aspatial filter comprising an objective lens having a focal point, afirst aperture, and a collector lens, the collector lens being mountedin a fixed location in the first housing cavity to intersect the beamaxis, the first aperture being mounted in the first housing cavity afixed distance from said collector lens in the beam axis, wherein theobjective lens is secured within the first housing and movable along thebeam axis to shift the focal point to a preselected location relative tothe first aperture, the spatial filter producing a spatially filteredcollimated laser beam output; a beam shaping aperture adjustably mountedin the first housing cavity and positionable to intersect the spatiallyfiltered collimated laser beam output and shape said beam; and afocussing lens assembly containing a focussing lens, the focussing lensassembly being adjustably coupled to the first housing so that thefocussing lens is positionable in the laser beam path to focus saidshaped beam.

The spatial filter further comprises a cylinder having a slot, anexterior surface comprising a first cylindrical section having a firstradius of curvature and a second cylindrical section having a secondradius of curvature, the first and second cylindrical sectionsintersecting to form two rails on the cylinder exterior, the cylinderbeing disposed in the first housing cavity; and an eccentric comprisinga shaft having an axis of rotation and a pin secured to the shaftoffcentered from the axis of rotation, the shaft being mounted in thefirst housing so that the pin is engaged in the slot.

The eccentric is biased against the cylinder and the shaft is rotatableto translate the cylinder relative to the first housing with the railsmaintained in sliding contact with the first cavity and the objectivelens is mounted to the cylinder.

The first housing typically has a cylindrical bore traversing the firsthousing and the beam axis, and a subassembly having a shapedcross-section that is insertable into the bore. The subassembly supportsthe first aperture of the spatial filter. A spring is positioned againstthe bore to urge the subassembly against the bore to securekinematically the first aperture in a fixed position. The subassemblycross-section may have a rectangular cross-section and the spring mayfurther comprise two ball spring plungers disposed spaced apart on acommon side of the subassembly.

In one embodiment, the second housing further comprises a ring having asection of a spherical segment. The first housing has a complimentaryrecess shaped to receive the spherical surface section of the secondhousing. There also are a plurality of connectors (at least two) betweenthe first housing and the second housing, each of which is independentlyoperable to orient the beam output in the solid cylinder area relativeto the longitudinal axis of the first housing.

The ring preferably has a quarter-circular cross section, and the shapedreceptacle of the first housing is a frusto-conical section.

The plurality of connectors further comprise a differential screw havingat least first and second concentric screw threads having differentpitches to produce a fine adjustment of a beam axis having a granularityof adjustment corresponding to a difference between the differentpitches and a coarse adjustment of said beam axis having a granularityof adjustment equal to the larger of the different pitches.

In another embodiment, the housing has a bore traversing the housingcavity, and the apparatus further comprising a frame removably coupledto the first housing to be located inside said bore, a first adjustingscrew to adjust the frame for movement along a first arc inside saidbore, and a second adjusting screw to adjust the frame for movementalong a second arc inside said bore. The beam shaping aperture is thusmounted on the frame and the first and second adjusting screws areoperable to position the beam shaping aperture relative to the beamaxis. The frame also may have a partial spherical segment having acenter point, such that first housing has a frustoconical section toreceive the spherical surface, whereby the frame is movable about thecenter point in at least three degrees of freedom.

In another embodiment, the apparatus includes a beam sampler assemblyinterposed in the beam axis having an input for receiving the filteredshaped beam, a first output comprising a first portion of said inputfiltered shaped beam and a second output comprising a second portion ofthe input filtered shaped beam. The first and second outputs aredirected in different directions, such that one of the first and secondoutputs has a refracted beam axis relative to said beam axis.

The focussing lens assembly may include a first plate securely mountedto the first housing, a second plate to which the focussing lens ismounted, and a first and second eccentric and a fixed pin and grooveconnecting the first plate and the second plate. The pin is fixed in oneof the first plate and the second plate, the groove is fixed in theother of the first plate and the second plate and the pin is engaged insaid groove. The first and second eccentrics are then independentlyoperable to rotate the first plate relative to the second plate aboutthe pin in a first dimension and a second dimension respectively.

Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a system fororienting an illuminator optical assembly having a laser beam path foran analytical instrument. One such system includes a body having asection of a cylinder, the cylinder section having a curvature and alongitudinal axis relative to the curvature corresponding to saidoptical axis, and a first turnbuckle and a second turnbuckle mounted toa base for rotation. Each of the first and second turnbuckles has a leftthreaded section and a right threaded section, a first slide mounted onthe left threaded section for translation along the left threadedsection in response to a rotation of the turnbuckle, and a second slidemounted on the right threaded section for translation along the rightthreaded section in response to said rotation of the turnbuckle. Each ofthe first and second slides has a surface having a curvature, whereinthe curvature of the cylindrical surface section of the slide isperpendicular to the curvature of the cylindrical section of the body.The body is supported by the surface of the first and second slides,and, for a given turnbuckle, the supported body is vertically translatedrelative to said given turnbuckle by an applied rotation of saidturnbuckle to raise or lower the body. The body can be translatedvertically in response to said applied rotation being applied to thefirst and second turnbuckles equally.

Preferably, each of the first and second slides further comprise a nutthreadably interconnected with the turnbuckle threaded section, the nuthaving a spherical surface portion, and a shaped body having a borethrough which the turnbuckle threaded section passes and a receptacle toreceive the spherical surface of the nut. The nut thus translates alongthe turnbuckle in response to rotation of the turnbuckle and the shapedbody translates in response to translation of the nut.

The system also may include a first platform, wherein the first andsecond turnbuckles are fixed in a spaced-apart relationship on the basedefining a first axis there between, and the first axis corresponds tothe beam axis. The first platform is movable relative to the base alonga second axis, to shift the first axis within a range of motion. Thesecond axis is preferably one of perpendicular and parallel to the firstaxis.

In the preferred embodiment, the first and second turnbuckles are fixedin a spaced-apart relationship on the base defining a first axistherebetween. The first axis corresponds to the beam axis, and thesystem has a first platform and a second platform, movably mountedrelative to the base, for moving in first and second dimensionsrespectively. The first and second dimensions are perpendicular to eachother. One of the first and second platforms thus supports the base, andthe other supports the platform, wherein the first axis is movable in aplane defined by the first and second dimensions to shift the first axisin a range of motion.

A plurality of springs connect the body to the slides, and each of saidsprings has a nominal tension sufficient to maintain the body intouching contact with the slides.

Preferably the body includes one of the embodiments of the opticalilluminator assembly described above, or some combination thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further features and advantages of the invention will become apparentfrom the drawings and the following detailed description of theinventions, in which like reference characters refer to like elements,and in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a laser optical bench and detectors foruse in a preferred embodiment of a red and white blood cell analysischannel in a device in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a diagram of the illuminator assembly of FIG. 1 in accordancewith a first embodiment;

FIG. 2A is a schematic diagram of an illuminator assembly of FIG. 1 inaccordance with the second embodiment;

FIG. 2B is a partial side sectional view of the locking screw system ofthe assembly of FIG. 2A;

FIG. 2C is a top sectional view of the aperture assembly of the spatialfilter of FIG. 2A;

FIGS. 2D and 2E are an end view and a side view of the spatial filterfocussing assembly of FIG. 2A;

FIG. 2F is a front view of a locating aperture for use in the assemblyof FIG. 2A;

FIG. 2G is a front end view of the focussing lens assembly of FIG. 2A;

FIG. 2H is a front sectional view of the orientation system for theilluminator assembly of FIG. 2A;

FIG. 2I is a side view of the orientation system of FIG. 2H;

FIG. 2J is a schematic view of the lateral adjustment mechanism of FIG.2H;

FIG. 3 is a top view of a schematic diagram of the detector system ofFIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a front plane view of the dark stop of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a front plane view of the split mirror of FIG. 3;

FIGS. 6 and 7 are respectively front and side views of a two-facetedprism for use in an alternate embodiment of the detector system of FIG.1;

FIGS. 8 and 9 are respectively a front plan view of a dark stop and athree-faceted prism for use in an alternate embodiment of the detectorsystem of FIG. 1;

FIGS. 10A and 10B are schematic diagrams of a lamp optical bench anddetectors for use in a peroxidase optical channel in a device inaccordance with the present invention;

FIGS. 11A-11E are schematic block diagram of the electronic architectureof a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of the two major computer subsystems of thearchitecture of FIG. 11A-11E;

FIG. 13 is a block schematic diagram of the input and output connectionof the Data Acquisition Board of FIG. 11A;

FIG. 14 is a schematic block circuit diagram of the Data AcquisitionBoard of FIG. 13;

FIG. 15 is a block schematic diagram of the Peroxidase Analog channel ofthe apparatus of FIG. 13;

FIG. 16 is a functional schematic diagram of a portion of the DataAcquisition Board of FIG. 14;

FIG. 17 is a functional schematic diagram of a portion of the DataAcquisition Board of FIG. 15;

FIG. 18 is a state diagram of the Data Acquisition Board of FIG. 13;

FIG. 19 is a block schematic circuit diagram of the RBC/RETIC/BASOoptical bench of FIG. 11A;

FIG. 20 is a circuit schematic diagram of the analog signal channel ofFIG. 19;

FIGS. 21 and 22 are circuit schematic diagrams of the laser diode driverand power supply circuits of FIG. 19;

FIG. 23 is a circuit schematic diagram of a laser diode longevity statuscircuit of FIG. 19;

FIG. 24 is a block diagram of the CANBUS architecture of FIGS. 11A-11E;

FIG. 25 is a block schematic circuit diagram of the CAN interfacecircuit of FIG. 24;

FIG. 26 is a block circuit diagram of the Pressure and Switch node ofFIG. 11B;

FIG. 27 is a block diagram of the Parallel Node of FIG. 11C;

FIG. 28 is a circuit diagram of the selector valve motor driver circuitof FIG. 27;

FIG. 29 is circuit schematic diagram of the conductivity sensor of FIG.27;

FIG. 30 is a schematic circuit diagram of an adjustable output circuitof the parallel node of FIG. 27;

FIGS. 31, 32 and 33 are block diagrams of the Pneumatic Valve DriverNode of FIG. 11C;

FIG. 34 is a block diagram of the HGB Node of FIG. 11B;

FIG. 35 is a block diagram of the Pump Node of FIG. 11B;

FIG. 36 is a block diagram of the Switch/Indicator Node of FIG. 11B;

FIG. 37 is an elevated perspective view of an apparatus in accordancewith a preferred embodiment of the present invention, shown in partialexploded view;

FIG. 38 is a partial exploded and disassembled view of the instrument ofFIG. 37;

FIGS. 39 and 40 are respectively front views of the hydraulic and fluidportion of FIG. 38 for sample aspiration and pumping;

FIGS. 41A-41B are representative pump profiles for the syringe pumps ofFIG. 38;

FIGS. 42 and 43 are respectively side sectional and front plan views ofa syringe pump of FIG. 38;

FIG. 44 is a front elevated perspective view of the internal structureof the instrument of FIG. 38;

FIG. 45 is a front elevated perspective view of the internal structureof the instrument of FIG. 44;

FIG. 46 is a block diagram of the pneumatic control assemblies of FIGS.11C and 37-44;

FIG. 47 is a rear elevated perspective view of the internal structure ofthe instrument of FIG. 44;

FIG. 48 is a cross sectional view of a cassette suitable for use in theautosampler of FIG. 37;

FIG. 49 is a side view of the unified fluid circuit assembly inaccordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 50 is a partial cross sectional view of the PEROX reaction chamberof FIG. 49;

FIG. 51 is a front plane view of the unified fluid circuit (UFC) of theunified fluid circuit assembly of FIG. 49;

FIG. 52 is a side sectional view of the dome valves of the UFC of FIG.49;

FIGS. 53A, 53B, and 53C are right side, left side, and bottom views ofthe UFC of FIG. 51;

FIG. 54 is a sectional view of the shear valve taken along line 54--54of FIG. 49;

FIG. 55 is an elevated perspective view of the shear valve of FIG. 49;

FIG. 56 is a schematic sectional diagram of a shear valve having testselectivity in accordance with a preferred alternate embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIGS. 57A-57G are schematic diagrams of a test selectivity process forthe shear valve of FIG. 56;

FIG. 58 is a side sectional view of a reaction chamber of the unifiedfluid circuit (UFC) of FIG. 51;

FIG. 59 is a partial sectional view taken along line 59--59 of FIG. 51;

FIG. 60 is a partial sectional view taken along line 60--60 of FIG. 51;

FIG. 61 is a sectional view of the HGB reaction chamber of FIG. 51 andthe HGB calorimeter in accordance with an apparatus of the presentinvention;

FIG. 62 is a side sectional view of the reagent pump assembly of FIG. 49taken along line 62--62;

FIG. 63 is a top sectional view taken along line 63--63 of FIG. 62;

FIG. 64 is a side sectional view taken along line 64--64 of FIG. 63;

FIG. 65 is an exploded side view of an automatic three-way selectorvalve of the UFC of FIG. 49;

FIG. 66A is a side sectional view of the selector valve of FIG. 65 takenalong line 66A--66A;

FIG. 66B is an elevated, three dimensional transparent view of analternate embodiment of a selector valve for use in the presentinvention; and

FIGS. 67 and 68 are sectional views of the driven cam and rotor of theGeneva mechanism of FIG. 65 in a locked position and an intermediateposition respectively.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Referring to FIGS. 11A-11D, 39-42, 49 and 51, blood samples for analysisinthe flow cytometer instrument of the present invention are aspiratedby vacuum into a sample input port 541 of a unified flow circuit (UFC)assembly 508. In the UFC assembly 508, the blood sample is separatedinto one or more predetermined aliquots by a shear valve 503, thedifferent aliquots are then mixed with one or more reagents in differentreaction chambers, to prepare the aliquots for different analyses. Thereacted mixtures are then analyzed in one or more of an RBC/BASO/RETICoptical bench 117, a PEROX optics bench 116, or the HGB calorimeter 121.As will be discussed in more detail below, these analyses are performedindependently under the control of a System Controller 105, which ispreferably in turn controlled by an operator using a computerworkstation 103. As a result, more than one reacted mixture may beformed from different aliquots of the same blood sample and examined inthe same flow cell 110 (or flow cell 110A) to obtain different scatterand absorption data from the same blood sample under different reactionsat different times.

I. HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

A. Sample Aspiration

Referring to FIGS. 37 and 39, a blood sample may be aspirated from oneof three sources: a manual open tube sampler 801, a manual closed tubesampler 802 and an automatic closed tube sampler 803, which is part ofan Autosampler 818. The manual open tube sampler 801 is a piece oftubing that can be inserted into an open test tube containing a blood(or other fluid) sample. The tube, preferably made of a flexible,medical grade material, extends downwardly from a mounting 804 thatprotrudes from the front of the instrument. Between manual aspiration ofsamples, there is a rinse, followed by a dry cycle, for the outside ofthe manual open tube sampler. For all three samplers, there is acomplete internal backflush (combination of rinse and drying).

The manual closed tube sampler 802 includes a needle 805 (shown inphantom in FIG. 39) that is suitable for penetrating the typical rubberor elastomeric seal on a closed blood sample tube, to extract a bloodsample volume from the tube. Preferably, the needle 805 projectsupwardly into a receptacle 806 (only the outer housing of the receptacleis shown) into which the sample tube is inserted with the sealdownwardly. Pushing the tube downwardly inside the receptacle 806operates a pneumatic drive whichcauses the sample tube to move relativeto the needle 805, so that the needle penetrates the seal. The length ofthe needle 805 is limited so that it will not pass above the typicallevel of fluid in the inverted sample tube, and an appropriate volumemay be extracted by the vacuum. Theother sampler 803 is that of theAutosampler 818, which is similar in construction and orientation to themanual closed tube sampler 802 except that the tube sampling process isautomated. The Autosampler 818 is a mechanism that permits automaticallyfeeding a succession of sample tubes through the instrument, withoutoperator attendance required. Although it forms no part of the presentinvention, in that the invention can be used with any manual orautomatic sample tube feeding mechanism, portions of a useful prototypefeeding mechanism are nevertheless disclosed.

A three-way selector valve 650, shown in FIGS. 38, 39 and 65,selectively connects the input port 541 with one of the three samplers801, 802, 803 under automatic control as is described below.

The selector valve 650, also shown in section in FIG. 66A, has threeinlets651, 652, 653 (only 651, 652 shown) connected by tubing to thethree samplesources 801, 802, 803. The inlets are arranged radially inthe valve housing 654 at 900 intervals. The inlets communicate, one at atime, through a single passage 657 in a tapered, rotatable valve spool656, to acommon axial outlet port 655 in the valve housing. A minimalaxial clearance 660 is provided between the valve spool 656 and thehousing 654 in order to assure proper seating of the tapered surface ofthe valve spool. The clearance 660 is part of the axial common portexposed to each blood sample as it is aspirated; it must therefore berinsed with the selector valve during each sampler rinse cycle.

The valve housing and spool are preferably constructed of an inertfluorocarbon, e.g., a TEFLON brand material. TEFLON is a trademark of DuPont.

The valve spool has an extension 659 on the end opposite the commonoutlet port 655 for turning the valve spool. In order to use one of thethree sample sources in the instrument, the valve spool is turned byturning theextension 659 until the single passage 657 in the spool isaligned with a corresponding one of the three inlets 651, 652, 653 inthe housing 654.

In an alternative embodiment, selector valve 664, shown in FIG. 66B, hasa tapered, rotatable valve spool 680 having three separate, unconnectedpassages 670, 671, 672. These passages are drilled at differentorientations through the valve spool. Each of the passages has anopening that may be aligned with a common radial outlet port 665 in thehousing 679. The spool 680 has a first rotational position, shown inFIG. 66B, such that the, passage 670 provides communication between thecommon port 665 and an inlet port 673. In a second spool position, thepassage 671 provides communication between the common port 665 and aninlet port 674. In a third position, the passage 672 providescommunication between the common port 665 and an inlet port 675.

In each of the three positions, the two inactive passageways in thespool 680 do not communicate with any of the inlet ports or the outletport. Thetapered surface of the spool 680 effectively seals the passagesfrom each other. After a passage is used during aspiration of a bloodsample, the passage is rinsed and dried as part of a "sample" rinsecycle (the internal backflush described above), namely a rinse cyclethat rinses the sample aspiration portion of the flow cytometer after asample is aspirated and divided into aliquots by the shear valve, asexplained below. The drying occurs by an applied vacuum drawing airthrough the rinsed portions. Each of the three passages 670, 671, 672 isthus clean, dry and ready for use in each subsequent cycle of theinstrument.

An axial clearance 678 (also called a dead space) is provided betweenthe valve spool 680 and the housing 679 in order to assure properseating of the tapered surface of the valve spool. Unlike the axialcommon port configuration shown in FIG. 66A, this selector valve has theadvantage of not exposing the axial clearance 678 to aspirated bloodsamples, which areinstead routed through the radial common port 665.Another significant advantage is that there are no 90° turns which aresubject to clogging. The radial common port valve, however, is thoughtto be more expensive to manufacture than the axial common port valve.

Both of the selector valves 650, 664 require that the spool be indexedaccurately with respect to the housing in order to assure that the portsof the spool and the ports of the valve housing are properly aligned. Inprior art hematology instruments, this was done using a stepping motorto rotate the spool to precise, indexed positions. The stepper motor andthe associated sensor, which monitored the stepping motor shaftposition, and the control circuitry, significantly added to the cost ofthe instrument.

In accordance with the present invention, the selector valve is drivenby an inexpensive, non-reversible DC motor coupled to a Genevamechanism. TheGeneva mechanism provides accurate, repeatable mechanicalindexing of the valve spool without the necessity of stopping motorrotation at precise angles. Position sensors are used to determine inwhich one of the severalindex positions the valve currently rests.However, and advantageously, acceleration and deceleration of the motorneed not be finely controlled in the case of the present invention,because the Geneva mechanism converts constant angular velocity of themotor, smoothly accelerates the valve spool from standstill, and leavesthe spool in the next position at zero angular velocity, and with arelatively high degree of precision. It also leaves the spool positivelylocked at the selected index position while the driving cam is moving orstationary, except when the index position is being changed.

An exploded elevation view of the selector valve assembly 690, includinga selector valve 650 and Geneva mechanism drive 691, is shown in FIG.65. The drive 691 comprises a DC motor 692 mounted in a housing 700. Ina preferred embodiment, the DC motor has an integral speed reducer toproduce an output that changes the valve state (position) at the desiredrate, e.g., one change per second. Such a motor is also known as agearmotor in the art.

The motor 692 drives a rotor 693 having an eccentrically mounted camdriver694. A driven cam 695 rotates on a separate shaft 698 mounted inthe housing parallel to the motor 692. The driven cam 695 isintermittently engaged by the cam driver 694 as described below. Theshaft 698 turns the spool of valve 650.

The valve 650 is mounted on an adjusting plate 699, which is attached tothe housing by screws in slotted holes (not shown). The adjusting plate699 can be rotated with respect to the housing 700 before tightening thescrews. In this way, the rotational position of the valve 650 can beadjusted to match the index positions of the driven cam 695.

The driven cam is shown in FIG. 67 in plan view in one of the indexedpositions. The cam driver 694 in this view has not yet engaged the camslot 701. The hub 702 on the rotor 693 engages the locking radius 703 onthe driven cam 695, preventing the driven cam from rotating and lockingitin one of the four index positions. The rotor 693 then may rotatethrough afirst range of angular motion, for example, 270° or less,without affecting the position of the driven cam. During this firstrange, the valve 650 is locked in the given index position. This permitsa large angular position tolerance on the motor stop and startpositions. Thus, the valve 650 will remain positively locked in theindex position wheneverand wherever the rotor 693 is in the first range,with the concentric surface 702 in contact with the contacting surface703.

As the rotor 693 is rotated in the direction of the arrow 704, the camdriver 694 enters the cam slot 701 from a direction in line with theslot,resulting in smooth angular acceleration of the driven cam. Aclearance cut-out 705 in the hub 702, defining a second range of angularmotion of, e.g., 90° or more, permits the driven cam to rotate from oneindex position to the next. The first and second angular rangepreferably add to360°.

FIG. 68 shows the driven cam in an intermediate position between indexpositions. The driver 694 is engaged in the slot 701, and the clearancecut-out 705 permits the driven cam 695 to rotate between indexpositions. The driver 694 exits the slot 701 in a direction in line withthe slot, smoothly decelerating the rotation of the driven cam 695.

A rotary position sensor disk 696 (FIG. 65) and first and secondposition sensors 697 (one is offset from the other) are used to providevalve spoolposition information to the system. The position sensors arearranged on the sensor disk to sense the four index positions so thatonly the first sensor is on in a first position, both sensors are on ina second position, only the second sensor is on in a third position, andneither sensor is on in a fourth position. At any intermediate positionbetween the four index positions, neither sensor is on. By having theunused position on the selector valve 650 correspond to the fourthposition of the sensor, the system can always drive the motor until atleast one of the sensors is on. Preferably, optical rotary positionsensors are used which depend on sensing the presence or absence of alight (relative to a threshold), but other types of position sensorscould be used.

Because of the precision indexing of the Geneva mechanism, thepassageways of the selector valve are accurately aligned in each of itsthree positions. The motor and associated position sensors, however,need not beso accurate. In the illustrated embodiment, the rotortheoretically has 270° to stop (i.e., the length of the first angularrange), after indexing the valve (i.e., passing through at least half ofthe second angular range), without affecting its position. While afour-position Geneva mechanism driving a three-position valve isdisclosed, the invention may be easily practiced using a Genevamechanism having from three to eight positions, driving a valve havingas many or fewer positions. The degree of rotation of the rotor withoutchanging the spool position can be adjusted accordingly. Advantageously,through the use of this simple, reliable and inexpensive Genevamechanism, it is assured thatthe valve is precisely engaged in one ofits operative positions.

B. Unified Fluid Circuit Assembly

The unified fluid circuit assembly 508, shown in FIG. 49, performs manyof the hydraulic functions of an analytic instrument, such as theclinical hematology instrument of the preferred embodiment, includingreceiving thesample from the selected aspirator port, splitting thesample into multiplealiquots, selectively pumping and mixing reagents orother fluid with the sample aliquots, providing reaction chambers formixing the samples and reagents under appropriate conditions of time andtemperature, and providing valves and flow paths for the reactedmixtures to flow to the sample pumps for passing the reaction mixturethrough a flow cell. More particularly, the assembly 506 containsreaction chambers and a network offlow paths and valves that arecontrolled in a predetermined manner selectively to pass a given sampleand a given reagent (or other fluid) into a reaction chamber where areaction occurs such that a plurality of reaction mixtures are formed inthe different reaction chambers, after which the reaction mixtures areready for optional analysis as described herein. The network alsoencompasses various valves and flowpaths that function to direct thereacted mixtures out of the reaction chambers, e.g., to a flow cell orto another output of the unified flow circuit assembly such as to awaste container. As used herein, the terms flow path, passageway,pathways, lines, with or without the modifiers hydraulicor pneumatic,are used interchangeably.

The fluid circuit assembly 508 comprises a unified fluid circuit (UFC)502,a sample shear valve 503 having a rotary actuator 550 (also referredto herein as a rotary indexer), a reagent pump assembly 504, and aheated PEROX reaction chamber subassembly 505. The unified fluid circuit502 has a front plate 506 containing the reagent and sample flow paths,and a rearplate 507 containing solenoid air valves and related air flowpaths.

1. Reagent Pumps

Referring to FIGS. 49 and 62-64, the reagent pump assembly 504 comprisesa set of diaphragm pumps for independently pumping precise volumes ofreagent from the reagent containers (not shown) into the front plate 506of the UFC, through the shear valve 503, and back into the UFC 502 toone or more of the reaction chambers contained therein. The reagent pumpassembly 504 comprises top, inner and bottom acrylic layers 630, 631,632 respectively, bolted together with bolts (e.g., bolt 633 as shown inFIG. 62). Between the inner and bottom layers 631, 632 are membranematerials such as diaphragm 634, movable between cavities 635, 636 inthe inner and lower acrylic layers 631 and 632, respectively.Alternating vacuum and pressure applied from a passage, such as passage637 in cavity 636 actuates the diaphragm 634 to move between the twopositions.

Reagent inlet and outlet passages, such as passages 640 and 641respectively, best shown in FIG. 64, are formed through the inner andtop layers 630 and 631, connecting cavity 635 and the top surface 642 ofthe reagent pump assembly 504. One-way valves 638, 639 are installed inthe inlet and outlet passageways between the inner and top layers 630and 631.In a preferred embodiment, the one way valves 638, 639 areduckbill check valves. A more detailed description of each pumpmechanism and operation is found in U.S. patent application No.08/549,958 filed Oct. 30, 1995, inthe names of James Mahwirt and BruceE. Behringer, for Integral Valve Diaphragm Pump and Method, which ishereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In a prototype embodiment of the invention, seven separately operablediaphragm pumps, having pumping capacities ranging from 125-1250 μl, areincorporated in the reagent pump assembly 504. The pumps are used forpumping seven reagents used in each of the RBC, RETIC, HGB, and WhiteBlood Cell (WBC) tests. The diaphragm pumps are arranged in a staggeredpattern in the reagent pump assembly for space minimization, given thearea required for the diaphragm material.

The top surface 642 of top layer 630 the reagent pump assembly is bolteddirectly to the front plate 506 of the UFC. Outlet passages such aspassage 641 thus communicate directly with reagent inlet passages in theUFC 502. Preferably, the outlet passages 641 terminate along alongitudinal axis of the top layer 642 for convenient hydraulic couplingto the UFC 502 reagent inlet passages. This obviates the need forlengthy hydraulic tubing between the reagent pumping section 504 and theUFC 502 and greatly improves reliability while minimizing tubingclutter, part count and service requirements. Alternatively, when thereagent pump assembly and the unified flow circuit are made of anacrylic, e.g., a LUCITE brand acrylic, a surface fusion technique may beused to bond directly the two subassemblies.

The hydraulic coupling between the pump assembly 504 and the UFC 502 isobtained by a counterbored aperture 642a in the top surface 642, and anO-ring 642b, such that the O-ring 642b forms a fluid tight seal whenassembly 504 is flush mounted to UFC 502. The external fluid inputs tothereagent pump assembly 504 (e.g., reagents, rinses, vacuum andpressure) areconventionally provided by pneumatic and hydraulic lines,coupled mechanically to the assembly by threaded couplings 641a thatsecurely screw into the pump assembly block 504 in a conventionalmanner, as indicated in FIGS. 40 and 64.

The sample shear valve 503 divides the blood sample into as many as fiveprecision aliquots, one for each of the RBC, HGB, BASO, PEROX and RETICtests. The sample aliquots range in volume from 2 μl to 12 μl. The shearvalve 503 transfers each of the sample aliquots into precision volumestreams of reagents that are pumped into reaction chambers in the frontplate 506 of the UFC, as described below. Reagent volumes used in thetests range from 125 μl to 1250 μl.

2. Test Selectivity

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, the sampleshear valve 503 is constructed to permit the instrument operator toselectfrom among all of the available tests which tests to be performed.In this embodiment, the instrument does not pump reagent for theunperformed tests, thereby conserving reagent. In prior art hematologyinstruments using a single shear valve, all tests were performed on agiven sample whether or not each test was requested for that sample. Asa result, the unwanted results were either suppressed or also provided.This was done primarily because a reagent in a prior art shear valvewould become contaminated by the blood sample, requiring that newreagent be pumped through the valve during each cycle to preventcontamination. Further, some prior art reagent pumps could not beoperated independently. Other prior art hematology instruments utilizemultiple shear faces to provide adegree of test selectivity. Such asystem requires great complexity to offer more than two testing options,and is therefore expensive and unreliable.

In contrast, the single shear valve 503 and UFC assembly 508 of thepresentinvention operate so as not to contaminate reagent from anunperformed testremaining in the shear valve 503. As noted above, thediaphragm reagent pumps of the instrument of the invention can beoperated independently. Consequently, in the present invention, newreagent need not be pumped through the valve during each cycle solely topurge the shear valve 503.

Referring to FIG. 51, a plan view of the front plate 506 of the UFC 502is illustrated, showing a passage hole circle 540 for communicationbetween the sample shear valve 503 (not shown in FIG. 51) and the UFC502. To aspirate a blood sample from one of the three samplers, a vacuumis applied through a vacuum valve 503' in the UFC 502, throughpassageway 547, to the shear valve 503. The blood sample enters throughan inlet 541 in the front of the front plate 506 of the UFC, throughpassageway 542, into the shear valve 503. If all of the tests are to berun, the blood sample then passes alternately through the shear valve503 and through passageways 543-547 in the UFC 502. Aspiration isterminated when the leading edge of the sample stream is detected by aconductivity sensor (discussed below) signaling that the leading edge ofthe sample stream haspassed completely through to fill the shear valve503. This operates to stop the vacuum and aspiration of the bloodsample. Information from the conductivity sensor can also be used toverify that the blood sample meetscertain minimum criteria embodied inthe hematocrit and measured by concentration and salinity. If thepredetermined minimum criteria or criteria range(s) are not met, thenthe sample may be purged.

The shear valve 503, shown in partial sectional view in FIG. 54,comprises a stationary ceramic disk 510 having a shear face 511, and amoving ceramic disk 530 having shear face 531. The shear faces 511, 531are flat and smooth, maintaining substantially complete contact duringrelative movement of the disks 510, 530. The moving disk is indexedbetween a firstposition for aspirating a sample, and a second positionfor distributing aliquots of the sample among the various reagents inthe network of flow paths.

The stationary ceramic disk 510 is sealably mounted to the front plate506 of the UFC 502. Sample and reagent inlets and outlets of the shearvalve, discussed below, communicate with inlet and outlet holescomprising a communication hole circle 540 in the UFC 502 (FIG. 51). Inone preferred embodiment, a thin gasket 510A of silicon rubber isinstalled between the stationary ceramic disk 510 and the UFC frontplate 506, the gasket 510A having a hole aligned with each valve inletand outlet for permitting communication with the holes of thecommunication hole circle 540 in the UFC 502. Alignment holes also maybe provided in the valve 503, gasket 510A and UFC 502 for installingalignment pins 556 to assure that the ports, holes and flow paths matchduring assembly. The stationary disk 510is preferably retained on theUFC 502 using screws 557.

As shown in FIG. 49, a conventional rotary actuator 550 is mounted tothe rear plate 507 of the UFC on the side opposite the front plate 506and theshear valve 503. As best shown in FIG. 53, the shaft 553 passesthrough a clearance hole 554 in both plates 506 and 507 of the UFC 502,through a bushing 558 that aligns the stationary and moving disks 510,530, and is attached to the moving disk 530. A compression spring 554and retaining nut 555 maintain contact between the shear surfaces 511,531. Actuating the rotary actuator 550 rotates the shaft 553 whichindexes the moving disk 530 of the shear valve. In an alternateembodiment the rotary actuator may be a pneumatic cylinder 551 connectedto a radius arm 552, which is mounted to a central shaft 553.

A perspective view of the shear valve 503 of the invention is shown inFIG.55. In operation, a sample entering the UFC 502 through port 541enters thestationary disk 510 through inlet 513. After entering theshear valve, the sample passes through the stationary disk 510 into afirst aliquot loop 514 in the moving disk 530, back through thestationary disk 510 and is returned to the UFC 502 through exit port515. The passage 543 in the UFC 502 then directs the sample to a secondentry port 517 in the stationary disk 510. The sample stream then passesagain through the stationary disk 510, through a second aliquot loop 518in the moving disk 530, back through the stationary disk 510, and isreturned to the UFC 502 through exit port 519. The sample then continuesthrough passageway 544 in the UFC502 to fill the remaining aliquot loops(not shown) in the shear valve 503.The sample shear valve 503 thus maybe configured with any number of loops depending on the maximum numberof tests to be run. In one useful valve design, five aliquot loops,which are connected by sample conduits (See FIG. 57A), are used.

Once the sample has filled the shear valve 503, as verified by theconductivity sensor, the rotary actuator 550 rotates the moving disk 530in the direction of arrow 520 to the second position. In the secondposition, the first loop 514 is aligned with reagent passageways 525,526 in the stationary disk 510, which communicate with a first reagentinlet 521 and a first reagent outlet 522 in the UFC 502. Similarly, thesecond loop 518 is aligned with reagent passageways 527, 528 whichcommunicate with a second reagent inlet 523 and a second reagent outlet524 in the UFC. Other loops are similarly aligned with correspondingreagent (or fluid) inlets and outlets. If all tests are to be run duringthe cycle, all aliquot loops are filled with sample. The reagentpassageways, inlets and outlets, contain reagent that was pumped intothe valve during a preceding cycle. With each loop aligned with areagent inlet and outlet, reagent for the tests to be run is pumpedthrough the shear valve to the appropriate reaction chamber, carryingwith it the sample aliquot from theloop. This action also purges thevalve 503 for the next sample. For the sample lines, valve 503 rotatesback to the aspirate position and backflushes the lines with rinse priorto aspirating the next sample.

As noted above, the instrument of the invention is optionally providedwithadditional passageways and valves to permit selectively running lessthan all the available tests, without contaminating the reagent of anunused test for the next sample cycle. FIG. 56 illustrates a schematicview of a single aliquot loop 562 of shear valve having test selectivitycapability.The moving disk 530 is shown in its first position, withaliquot loop 562 aligned with sample entry port 561 and sample exit port563 in the stationary disk 510. The sample entry port 561 connects topassageway 567 in the UFC 502. The blood sample enters passageway 567either from an adjoining aliquot loop, sample conduit, or directly fromthe tube sampler.The sample exit port 563 connects to passageway 571 inthe UFC 502, passes through the conductivity sensor 568 and connectsthrough a valve 569 to a vacuum source VAC and through a valve 570 to arinse source RINSE.

The novel positioning of the valves 565, 566, and the bypass passageway564in the UFC 502 provides test selectivity for the aliquot loop shownin FIG.56. After each cycle of the shear valve 503, valve 570 is openedto permit a rinsing liquid to flow through the shear valve, removingcontaminants left behind from the previous cycle. As part of a method ofusing the valve of FIG. 56, a last step in the rinse cycle is to sendrinse through the shear valve with valves 569, 566 closed and valves570, 565 open. Rinse liquid fills the aliquot loop and adjoiningportions of the entry and exit ports 561, 563. Passageways 571, 564, 567are then dried by applying vacuum with valves 566, 569 opened and valves570, 565 closed, asshown schematically in FIG. 56. Rinse liquid remainsin the aliquot loop and adjoining portions of the entry and exit ports,as shown. The rinse liquid is held in that position until it is knownwhich tests are to be run on the next sample.

If the next cycle does not require running the test associated withaliquotloop 562, no additional drying is performed, and the blood sampleis aspirated by opening valve 569, applying vacuum to the shear valve.The sample fills passages 567, 564, 571; the rinse liquid in the aliquotloop prevents blood from entering. If there were no rinse in the loop,air in the loop would permit the blood sample to enter when the volumeof air decreased as the vacuum pressure was removed. While a portion ofthe rinseat 572 contacts the sample and is thus contaminated, this pointis sufficiently distant from the shear face that it does not contaminaterinse in the loop 562.

The shear valve is then cycled to its second position, indexing thealiquotloop 562, filled with rinse liquid, to a position shown inphantom in FIG. 56, adjoining the reagent ports 525, 526. No reagent ispumped through thepassageways 521, 522 for that cycle, and effectivelyall the rinse remains in the loop. Some rinse may diffuse into thereagent across the reagent/rinse interface existing at the shear face,but the resulting dilution is negligible, given the relatively largevolume of reagent pumped for a test, and the nature of the rinse liquid,which is selected for its neutral properties. The shear valve is thenreturned to the first position, and a rinsing and drying routine isperformed as above.

If the next cycle requires that the test associated with the aliquotloop 562 be run, valves 569, 565 are opened and valves 570, 566 areclosed, removing rinse from the loop 562 and drying it. A sample is nowaspirated with valves 569, 565 opened and valves 570, 566 closed,filling the aliquot loop with blood. After indexing the shear valve tothe second position, reagent is pumped through the passageways 521, 522to a reactionchamber (not shown), carrying the sample aliquot with it.

In a shear valve having multiple loops forming aliquots for multipletests,requests for several test combinations may be encountered. Theapparatus and method described above may be extended to provide severaltest combinations by connecting the bypass passage 564 to other loops.For example, in a shear valve having five aliquot loops for five tests,FIGS. 57A-F schematically show a test selectivity process and systemthat can perform either three, four or five tests. For clarity, thefigures show the shear face around the circumference of the disksinstead of on a surface, as shown in FIG. 55. In one such preferredembodiment of the invention, loop 573 is for RBC tests; loop 574 is forHGB, loop 575 is forBASO, loop 576 is for PEROX, and loop 577 is forRETIC tests. The system can run combinations of either loops 573-575(CBC test: RBC, HGB & Baso), loops 573-576 (CBC+Diff test: RBC, HGB,BASO & PEROX), or loops 573-577 (CBC+Diff+RETIC test: RBC, HGB, BASO,PEROX & RETIC). The assignee of the present invention has found thatthese three combinations cover approximately 97% of the testcombinations typically requested for blood analysis in the commercialmarket. Other combinations could be obtained bya straightforwardapplication of the principle of test selectivity described above.

Referring to FIGS. 56 and 57A-57G, the instrument of the invention has avalve 565 in passage 547 of the UFC 502 downstream of the last aliquotloop. A bypass passage 564 in the UFC begins at passage 545 betweenloops 575, 576 of the shear valve, has a branch 578 connecting topassage 546 between loops 576, 577, and joins passage 547 downstream ofthe valve 565.Valve 566 is in the bypass passage 564 near where it joinssample conduit passage 545; valve 582 is in the branch 578.

In operation, after each cycle of the instrument, the various flow pathsofthe shear valve 503 are rinsed. Rinsing of the valves 566, 582, 565,569, 570 and the bypass passage 564 is not critical, but contaminationpoints must be considered as discussed below. As the last step of therinse cycle, rinse is sent through the shear valve with valves 566, 582,569 closed, and valves 566, 569 open, as shown in FIG. 57A. With rinsein the shear valve, valves 570, 582, 565 are closed and valves 566, 569are opened. The sample probe (not shown), aliquot loops 573, 574, 575,and thebypass passage 564 are dried. Rinse is trapped and held in theloops 576, 577 and adjoining passages, as shown in FIG. 57B. The rinseis held there until the tests to be run on the next sample are known.This is typically when the next s ample ID is read by the automatedclosed tube sampler (autosampler 818) or by an operator input usingmanual bar code reader 104(FIG. 11A); however, the instrument may remainidle in this condition if nosample is presented for analysis.

If testing for the next sample requires aliquots from loops 573, 574,575 only, no additional drying is performed, and the sample is aspiratedwith valve 566, 569 opened to vacuum, as shown in FIG. 57C. The rinsethat is trapped keeps the blood sample from flowing into the aliquotloops 576, 577. As with the valve of FIG. 56, contamination of the rinseis remote from the aliquot loops and does not affect carryover. Therinse remains inloops 576, 577 when the shear valve is indexed,contacting, but not contaminating, reagent in the reagent ports (notshown).

If testing for the next sample requires an aliquot from loop 576 inaddition to loops 573-575, the additional loop is first dried withvalves 569, 582 open and valves 565, 566, 570 closed. This requiresapproximately1 second. The vacuum valve 569 is then closed awaitingsample aspiration, with rinse trapped in loop 577 and adjoiningpassageways as shown in FIG. 57D. The blood sample is aspirated byreopening valve 569. Rinse trapped in the loop 577 and adjoiningpassageways prevents blood from flowing intothat portion of the shearvalve, as shown in FIG. 57E. The rinse remains inloop 577 when the shearvalve is indexed, contacting but, not contaminating, reagent in thereagent ports (not shown).

If testing for the next sample requires an aliquot from all of the loops573-577, the loops 576, 577 are first dried with valves 569, 565 openand valves 566, 582, 570 closed, as shown in FIG. 57F. This requiresapproximately 1 second. When the sample is ready to be aspirated, thevacuum valve 569 is reopened and sample fills all the aliquot loops, asshown in FIG. 57G.

3. Dome Valves

Referring to FIG. 52, each of the valves 566, 582, 565, 569 and 570 (aswell as the other valves in UFC 502) are preferably dome valves of thetype illustrated in FIG. 52. Each dome valve, generally indicated by thereference label DV in FIG. 49 (unless designated with a specificreferencenumeral), has a valve chamber demarcated by a concave surface584 in the planar surface of a UFC plate 588A and by one surface 585 ofa flexible layer 586. The flexible layer 586 is of an elastomericmaterial such as rubber or silicone sheeting. At least one fluidpassageway 587 in the rigid layer 588A opens into the valve chamber atthe concave surface 584. The fluid passageway 587 is connected to asolenoid valve 589 which alternately applies vacuum or pressure to thevalve chamber to operate thevalve.

The dome valve also includes a fluid chamber demarcated by the surface595 of the flexible layer 586 and a concave-convex surface in thesurface of UFC plate 588B, which is opposite the valve chamber. Theconcave-convex surface has an inner circular convex portion 596 and aconcentric annular outer concave portion 599. The convex portion 596preferably has a dome point at the center thereof and the tangentthereto is coplanar with the surface of the rigid layer 588B. That domepoint also is aligned with the center of the concave surface 584.

The surface of plate 588B includes a compression-expansion reliefchannel 596A which surrounds the dome and the concave-convex surface anddefines acompression zone 579 between the dome and the channel 596A. Thecompressionzone compresses the flexible layer 586 and the channel 596Aprovides for extruded diaphragm material 586. When the rigid layers 588Band 588A are connected together as shown in FIG. 52, the compressionzone 579 acts to seal the periphery of the valve and fluid chambers.

In operation, when a vacuum is applied to the valve chamber throughpassageway 587, the flexible layer flexes into position P1 so thatsurface595 is spaced apart from the convex portion 596 and the fluidchamber is open, permitting communication between the hydraulic input583 and the hydraulic output 581. Conversely, when a pressure is appliedto the valve chamber, the flexible layer 586 flexes into the closedposition P2 (shown in phantom) so that the surface 595 is tightlyagainst the convex and concave surfaces 594 and 596, preventingcommunication between the hydraulic input 583 and the hydraulic output581. The application of pressure and/or vacuum is controlled by the useof solenoid valves, which can be mounted on block 42 or stand-alone.

As a result of the concave-convex surface, there will be equal elastomerstretch deformation in both the open and closed positions P1 and P2,whichimproves the longevity of the dome valve.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the flexible layer 586 isabout0.01" thick and has a diameter of about 0.375". Channel 596A has aninner diameter of 0.322" and an outer diameter of 0.4" and a height of0.012". Compression zone 579 has an inner diameter of 0.225" and anouter diameterof 0.322" and the surface is stepped down by 0.009" in thecompression zone.

Passageway 587 has a diameter of 0.031" and passageways 581 and 583 havea diameter of 0.02" and a center to center spacing of 0.05". Concavesurface584 has a diameter of 0.156, a spherical radius of 0.1" and adepth of 0.025". Convex portion 599 has an outer diameter of 0.156", aninner diameter of 0.06" and a radius of curvature of 0.02". Concaveportion 596 has a diameter of 0.06" and a spherical radius of 0.08".Further details of the dome valves DV are provided in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 08/319,918, filed Oct. 7, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No.5,496,009, which application is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety and commonly owned.

After the shear valve 503 is indexed to the second position, thealiquots of blood are aligned with the various reagent paths, asdescribed above. For each test to be run, a precise volume of reagent ispumped from the reagent pump assembly 504 (FIG. 49), through the shearvalve 503, into oneof the reaction chambers, carrying with it the samplealiquot. For example,as shown in FIG. 51, the reagent for the RBC testis pumped into the UFC 502 through port 600 at the bottom of the frontblock 506 of the UFC 502, and through the passageway 605 to the shearvalve communication hole circle 540. The reagent passes through the RBCaliquot loop in the shear valve and returns to the UFC 502 in passageway610, which directs the reagent and sample aliquot to the RBC reactionchamber 590. Separate, similar paths lead from ports 601-604 to theRETIC reaction chamber 591, BASO reaction chamber 592, HGB reactionchamber 593 and PEROX reaction chamber 594, respectively.

4. Reaction Chambers

The RBC and RETIC reaction chambers 590, 591 are formed as an integralpartof the front block 506 of the UFC by machining semi-circular crosssectionsin each of two mating acrylic plates. FIG. 58, for example,shows a semicircular chamber 597 machined in block 502A of the UFC 502.This chamber matches a similar chamber machined in the mating block (notshown)of the adjacent layer of the UFC 502 to form a reaction chamber.In a preferred embodiment, the RBC and RETIC chambers are 10 mm diameterand 30mm long. A reagent/sample inlet port 598 is generally shown inFIG. 58 as the terminus of the passageway leading from the shear valve503 to the reaction chamber; for example, in the case of the RBCreaction chamber, the terminus of passageway 610. The reagent/sampleports for each of the reaction chambers is configured to provide anappropriate amount of mixingas the sample and reagent are pumped intothe chamber. In a preferred embodiment, the RBC, PEROX, and RETIC inletports are tangent to the chamber side wall on the horizontal (0°) axis,and 0.50 mm in diameter.

It will be appreciated that more than one configuration of theorientation of the terminus of port 598 into the reaction chamber 597can be used, andthat the combination depends on both the reactionchamber shape and the passageway diameter to obtain the desired adequatemixing. It also should be understood that, in view of the multiplelayers comprising the UFC 502,different reaction chambers may be locatedbetween different layers, and thus the passageways from the shear valve503 to the reaction chambers maypass through different layers. It ishowever desirable to have all of the reaction chambers in the sametwo-layer interface to simplify construction.

Referring now to FIG. 52, the UFC 502 is shown in side view. In thisembodiment, UFC 502 front plane 506 comprises four separate sheets ofthe acrylic material 506A, 506B, 506C, and 506D, which are fusedtogether withsheet 506D fused to the back face sheet plate 507. In oneembodiment, the sheets are held in a fixture which heat and pressure areapplied to cause fusion. Alternate techniques are known, such as thosedescribed in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,875,956, 4,999,069 and 5,041,181,the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

Although not indicated in FIG. 52, in a preferred embodiment, the RETIC,BASO, HGB, and RBC reaction chambers 591, 592, 593, and 590, the ventports and lines, are machined in the interface between plates 506C and506D, the vacuum lines, blood sample input to the shear valve, and wasteoutput lines are machined in the interface between plates 506B and 506C,the reagent input lines to the shear valve 503 are machined in theinterface between plates 506D and 507.

As illustrated in FIG. 51, for the BASO, RBC, HGB, RETIC and PEROXchambers, the sample inlet port 598 terminates near the lower end of thechamber at about the location where the radius of the lower end meetsthe flat cylindrical side of the chamber. The upper and lower bounds areat the top and bottom of FIG. 51 respectively.

The BASO reaction chamber 592 must be maintained at a temperature ofapproximately 32° C. for the reagent and sample to react properly. Forthis purpose, a heater 611 and thermistor probe 612 are provided in thefront block 506 of the UFC as shown in FIGS. 59 and 60. The cylindricalreaction chamber 592 is formed in the same manner as reaction chambers590, 591, by machining semicircular cavities in mating acrylic layers ofthe UFC front block 506. After the layers (plates) are joined togetherforming the chamber 592, preferably by fusing, a cavity 613, shown inFIG. 59, is machined from an outside surface 615 of the bonded blocks.The cavity 613 defines a mounting surface 614 for mounting the heater611. A center portion of the mounting surface 614 curves aroundthechamber 592, forming a thin wall of acrylic. For thermal efficiency,this wall is as thin as possible while maintaining sufficient strength.In a currently preferred embodiment, the wall between the heater 611 andthe chamber 592 is about 0.7 mm thick, but may also be of any thicknessthat provides thermal transfer to the reaction chamber contents.

The heater 611, shown in cross section in FIG. 60, is a foil-typeresistance heater. Such devices are available from variousmanufacturers. The heater is placed on the surface 614. A spacer block616 having a concave curved surface 617 conforming to the curve ofsurface 614 and the thickness of the heater 611 is placed in the cavity613, with the heater 611 sandwiched between the surface 617 of thespacer block and the surface614 of the UFC. A passageway 618 is providedin the UFC 502 for heater leads 619. The thermistor probe 612 extendinginto the reaction chamber 592 is mounted in a passageway 621 in the UFCblock.

The spacer block 616 is contained in the cavity 613 by the rear block507 of the UFC 502, which is bolted through to the front block 506. Twocompression springs 616A are placed behind the block 507 in order tomaintain contact between the block, the foil heater 611 and the surface614.

The reagent/sample inlet port 592A (not shown) in FIGS. 59, 60 for theBASOreaction chamber 592 is configured to provide an appropriate amountof mixing as the sample and reagent are pumped into the chamber. In apreferred embodiment, the chamber 592 is 8 mm in diameter and 23 mm inheight and the port is angled 15° down and 15° from radial, and is 0.50mm in diameter.

The HGB reaction chamber 593 is located in an upper portion 620 of theUFC front block 506, as shown in FIGS. 49, 51 and in section in FIG. 61.The upper portion 620 is reduced in thickness relative to the lowerportions of block 506 in order to provide access for the calorimeter 621used in testing HGB. The cylindrical HGB reaction chamber 593 is formedin the same manner as reaction chambers 590, 591, 592, by machiningsemicircular cavities in mating acrylic layers of the UFC front block506. A passageway624 in the front block connects the HGB loop of theshear valve with the reaction chamber 593. Because the HGB reactionchamber 593 is an integral part of the UFC in the present invention, noseparate tubing and valving is required, as was required in prior artinstruments.

Colorimeter measurements are taken directly through the acrylic block506 using a colorimeter assembly 121. With reference to FIGS. 11B, 51and 61 the hemoglobin (HGB) calorimeter assembly 121 is described. TheHGB calorimeter includes a reaction chamber 593 in the UFC 502, a lightsource622, preferably 3.5 volt tungsten light source, an optical filter367, and a photodetector 623 mounted on the circuit board 123. The lamp622 is mounted in a housing 121A, more preferably in a metal casting121B having fins (not shown) for dissipating heat generated by the lamp622. The housing 121A is secured to UFC 502, with lamp 622 on one sideof reaction chamber 593 and detector 623 on the other side.

Filter 367 is mounted inside housing 350 and operates to filter outeffectively all wavelengths except that at approximately 546 nanometers.As a result, the light at 546 ±0.2 nanometers passes through. The NIST930D filter set, absorbing 0.5A at 546 nanometers, may be used toprovide the filtering operation.

An aperture 366 is interposed between the filter 367 and the photodiode623. Lamp 622 is mounted so that there is a space 353 between the lampandthe reaction chamber 593. An aperture 354 is provided to limit theamount of light passing into the reaction chamber 593.

As is known in hemoglobin calorimeters, the 3.5 volt light source isdrivenby a stable 3.5 volt source. This may be achieved by anyconventional circuitry, such as a differential amplifier using feedback.The lamp powersupply circuit is preferably also on a circuit board 123,although it alternately may be mounted on a separate board also inhousing 121A. Almost any stable power supply circuit may be used. Oneuseful circuit uses a zener diode to provide a floating ground referencevoltage, at 5.1V ±10%, a second zener diode to provide a 2.5V referenceat its anode, and a potentiometer to provide an adjustable portion ofthe 2.5V referenceto the positive input of a differential amplifier. Thepotentiometer is used to set the 3.5 volts across the lamp 622. Theoutput of the differential amplifier then drives the lamp 622 through anemitter-follower transistor.

The lamp voltage is then sensed by a second differential amplifier,referenced to the 2.5 volts source anode with a gain of 0.68, andapplied to the negative input of the first differential amplifier via aresistor. The result is that the lamp voltage applied to lamp 622remains at the level which causes the first differential amplifierinputs to be equal. A current sensing resistor and a transistor, coupledto the emitter followertransistor, are used to limit the output currentto drive the lamp 622.

In operation, a blood sample to be analyzed and a reagent are injectedin sequence into the reaction chamber. The injection causes mixing ofthe sequentially injected blood sample and reagent in the chamber. Aftera time period, which allows the reagent and blood sample to react andbubbles to rise out of the optical pathway, an optical absorptionmeasurement is obtained from the photodetector 623.

The detection circuit on board 123, which preamplifies the photo-sensedsignal, may be any circuit to convert the pin photodiode current to avoltage for signal processing by the HGB node 122. One useful circuitincludes a chopper stabilized operational amplifies that is operated inthe transconductance made. This provides a low offset voltage and inputbias (current, voltage). Using a PNP transistor connected in theemitter-follower configuration in the feedback loop of the operationalamplifier will increase the driving capabilities of the operationalamplifier. The base-emitter drop of the transistor is compensated for bythe close loop again of the operational amplifier.

The output value of the photodetector output is then converted, based onthe known lamp intensity at a 3.5 volt input, to a color measurementparameter using a look-up table of values, as is described elsewhere.The sensor 623 and related electronics are calibrated to account for thelighttransmission properties of the acrylic material of the UFC 502.From time to time a volume of rinse is pumped into the reaction chambersto provide a reference measurement for a HGB baseline reading.

The reagent/sample inlet port 624A (see FIG. 49) for the HGB reactionchamber 593 is configured to provide an appropriate amount of mixing asthe sample and reagent are pumped into the chamber. In a preferredembodiment, the chamber 593 is 8 mm in diameter and 23 mm in height andthe blood/reagent inlet port is angled 30° down and 10° fromradial, andis 0.50 mm in diameter.

5. PEROX Chamber

The perox reaction chamber 594, in a currently preferred embodiment,shown in FIGS. 49 and 50, is mounted within a separate housing 505 thatis coupled to the unified fluid circuit. The reaction chamber 593 is athermally conductive material 505a, e.g., a 316 stainless steel, aroundwhich a wire heater 505c is mounted, and which are secured in a suitablysized insulation material 505b inside housing 505. The perox chamber 594has three input lines (not all are shown in FIG. 50): 594b for a reagentDil 2 (125 μl), 594c for reagent Dil 1 and the blood sample aliquot fromthe shear valve 503 (250 μl), and 594d for another reagent Dil 3 (250μl). It also has an input line 594a for a rinse, and an output line 594eto deliver the reacted mixture to the syringe pump for pumping throughthe flow cell 110a. The blood sample and reagents and diluents arethusinjected into the stainless steel chamber 505b, and heated to thedesired reaction temperature, e.g., atmosphere in the range of 60°-75°C., for the time required to react the blood sample and the reagent,e.g., ten to twenty seconds. The perox reaction chamber 594 in housing505 is mounted at the upper portion 620 of the UFC front plate 506,laterally displaced from the HGB reaction chamber 593. A temperaturesensor 505t is used to monitor the temperature of reaction chamber 594.

In operation, the perox reaction chamber 594 can contain a reactionvolume of approximately 1500 μl of which 250 μl are a first reagent Dil1 and sample and 375 μl are the two reagents Dil 2 and Dil 3, forming areaction mixture volume of 625 μl. The HGB and BASO reaction chambers593 and 592 each can contain a reaction volume of approximately 1000 μl,of which 500 μl is the reagent and sample volume. The RBC and RETICreaction chambers each can contain a reaction volume of approximately2100 μl, of which 1250 μl is the combined reagent and sample volume. Thetotal volume of each of the various reaction chambers is an arbitraryvolume, selected only to be convenient to manufacture and contain thereaction mixture. One useful guideline is that the chamber volume isabout twice the volume of reaction mixture.

Also shown in FIG. 51 are the VSC and EQUIL reaction chambers 590A and590B. The VSC reaction chamber 590A is used for generating an evacuatedchamber which, by selective control of valves, stores a vacuum. Thestoredvacuum is then used to draw a precise volume of a given reactionmixture, using appropriate valve control, out of a reaction chamber andinto the vicinity of a syringe pump 842A. In this way, when the syringepump 842A is actuated to draw a sample into it, it immediately draws avolume of reaction mixture rather than a rinse or reagent volume. Thisuse of the VSC chamber and a vacuum/pressure storage is believed moreaccurate and reliable than actuating a valve and air pressure or vacuumdirectly, sincethe volume is not critically dependent on pressure,vacuum, or resistance. The VSC reaction chamber 590A has a diameter of6.0 mm (internal diameter)and a length of 20 mm, and contains a volumeof 511 μl. The EQUIL reaction chamber 590B has a diameter of 10 mm and alength of 27 mm, and contains a volume of 1859 μl. Thus, in theillustrated embodiment, the VSC chamber 590A is preferably used inconnection with the PEROX optic flow cell 110A and the RBC/BASO/RETICoptic flow cell 110.

The EQUIL chamber 590B is used in connection with the closed tube manualsampler to vent closed tube samples, e.g. Becton-Dickinson productVACUTAINERS, as described in Uffenheimer U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,756,201,4,799,393 and 4,811,611, which are incorporated herein by reference.

Referring again to FIG. 51, each of the lines (also referred to hereinas tubes, flow paths, passages, and passageways in the context ofpneumatic or hydraulic flow paths for fluids, air pressure or partialvacuum) in theUFC 502 are illustrated with a code letter as follows:

A is a passage having a depth 0.57 mm and a radius of 0.25 mm at thebottomof the passage; B is a passage having a depth 0.86 mm and a radiusof 0.40 mm at the bottom of the passage; C is a passage having adiameter of 0.8 mm cut on both sides of the fuse plane; D is a passagehaving a depth 3.6 mm and a radius of 2.0 mm at the bottom of thepassage; E is a passage having a depth 1.4 mm and a radius of 0.5 mm atthe bottom of the passage;F is a passage having a depth 0.45 mm and aradius of 0.25 mm at the bottomof the passage; G is a passage having adepth 1.85 mm and a radius of 0.75 mm at the bottom of the passage.

These dimensions are suitable for use in the unified fluid circuit ofthe present, invention, but are not the only possible suitabledimensions. It is important to use dimensions that provide adequate flowand result in minimal clogging of the lines, and allow adequate mixingof the blood samples and reagents.

In constructing the UFC 502, it is constructed of clear, fullynormalized cast acrylic, preferably of the best commercial gradeavailable, such thatall of the fluid carrying surfaces are polished to a0.2 micrometer finish,the area of the HGB reaction chamber 593 ispolished optically clear, and the remainder of the surface of the UFC502 is polished transparently clear. The area proximate to the shearvalve 503 is preferably polished tohave a flatness of 20 lightband(fringe) and a 0.2 micrometer finish, and the remainder of the UFC ispolished to have a flatness of less than 40 lightband (fringe) over a 50mm×50 mm area.

C. Perox Optical System

Referring to FIGS. 10A, 10B, 11A-11D, 15 and 37, the PEROX OpticalSystem 116 in accordance with the present invention is illustrated. ThePEROX optical System is used in what is now a conventional manner toidentify five types of white blood cells. The cell types areeosinophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and large unstainedcells.

The PEROX Optical System 116 includes an illuminator assembly 381, aflow cell 110A and an optical detector assembly 394. The illuminationassembly 381 includes a light source 379, preferably a 10 watt tungstenhalogen lamp operating at a 5 volt, 2 amp level, and beam opticssuitable for focusing a portion of the lamp output onto flow cell 110A.The illuminatorassembly 381 also includes a housing 395, which filtersout extraneous light, and a mounting block 380 at the lamp end forcontaining some of thebeam optic components. Light that is emitted bylamp 379 is passed through,in sequence, a condenser lens 382, aprecision slit aperture 383, a precision circular aperture 384a, and aprojector lens 384 which focuses the beam onto the flow cell 110A tointerrogate the sample (the particulate suspension entrained in a sheathflow) passing through the flow path in the flow cell 110A.

As illustrated in FIG. 10B, the precision slit aperture, which is alsoshown in an exploded front plan view, is a rectangular slit having amajoraxis perpendicular to the flow path. The apertures are positionedso as to shape the beam and eliminate extraneous scattered light. Thus,the shaped beam is passed through the flow cell 110A such that the lightis scatteredand absorbed by cells passing through the flow cell 110A.Flow cell 110A preferably has the same construction as described inconnection with flow cell 110 of the RBC/PLT optics 117 below. Afterpassing through the flow cell 110A, the passed light is processed by thedetector system 394 to obtain a scatter signal 337 and an absorptionsignal 336 (See FIG. 15). The detector system 394 includes a collimatinglens 385 (preferably a 3 lens system having an objective lens 385a, acollecting lens 385b, and a collimating lens 385c). The collimating lens385 forms a relatively straight collimated beam which is then divided bya beam splitter 386 intotwo portions. Beam splitter 386 is preferably apartially reflecting mirrorwhich diverts a portion of the light to anabsorption leg and passes the remainder to a scatter leg. The scatterleg includes a transparent reticule having an opaque dark field stop inthe center to block the main axis beam and an opaque outer portionleaving a transparent annular aperture through which the scattered lightpasses through to a focusing lens 387b. The focusing lens 387b focusesthe scattered light onto a photodetector 388, preferably a pin currentphotodiode. The absorption legreceives the beam from the beam splitter386, passes it through a lens 389,which is then passed through aspectral filter 390 to divide spectrum into two parts and passes onlythe blue light (smaller than 700 nm), and detected by the photodiode391, preferably a pin current photodiode. The output of photodiode 388,after low-gain preamplification, is the scatter signal 337. The outputof photodiode 391, after low-gain preamplification,is the absorptionsignal 336. As illustrated in FIGS. 10A and 10B, the absorptionphotodiode 391 and scatter photodiode 388 are mounted on separatecircuit boards.

As illustrated in FIG. 10A, the tungsten lamp 379 is preferably alignedhorizontally in a lamp adjust assembly 393, which has an adjusting knob392 to position the lamp 379 relative to the beam axis of theilluminationassembly 381. Because the lamp 379 does not produce acollimated laser beam, as in the case of the laser beam optic system117, the alignment is not so critical as it is in the other case andmicrometer adjustments are not required. Nevertheless, it is necessaryto align the several optical components and the flow cell 110A in eitherthe conventional manner, wherein the optical component adjustingmechanisms are permanently mountedto the PEROX Optical System 116, orwherein the component adjusting tools are removably mounted to the PEROXOptic System 116 for alignment at the factory, so that each can beremoved when the assembly is installed in a flow cytometer instrument.This latter technique is discussed further below in connection with theRBC optics assembly 117.

The electrical connection 378 for lamp 379 is coupled to the ParallelNode 140. Thus, operation of the PEROX Optic system 116, for operatingthe lampand providing power to the printed circuit boards on which thephotodiodes 391 and 388 are respectively mounted, is controlled throughthe Parallel Node 140.

Preferably, the same PEROX Optical System that is used in the commercialBayer Model H*3 Systems clinical hematology instrument may be used inthe present invention.

D. Laser Optics and Detection System

The instrument of the present invention includes a laser optical systemforuse in the RBC, BASO and RETIC methods. A schematic of the laseroptical system is shown in FIG. 1. The optical system 100 comprises aflow cell 110 having a channel through which a thin stream of suspendedparticles, such as blood cells, is passed for analysis, an illuminatorassembly 130 (not shown in detail in FIG. 1) for delivering a filtered,collimated and shaped laser beam B to the flow cell 110, and a detectorsystem 164 for measuring light in response to the beam B being scatteredand absorbed by the cells.

The flow cell 110 presents suspended cells or other particlesessentially one at a time in a stream positioned for optical access bythe illuminatorassembly 130 and the detector system 164. The cellsuspension is introducedthrough a nozzle into the center of a laminarflow stream of a sheath liquid. The flow velocity of the sheath liquidis controlled to be greaterthan the velocity of the introduced cellsuspension. This causes the cross sectional area of the suspensionstream to narrow as it accelerates to thevelocity of the sheath liquid,as is well known. The cross section of the cell suspension stream isfurther narrowed by passing the sheath liquid containing the cellsuspension through a gradually reduced cross sectionalarea. At the point119 where the laser beam B is impinged on (i.e., intersects toilluminate or interrogate) the cell suspension stream, the diameter ofthe stream is on the order of the diameter of a cell, so that two cellscannot easily travel side-by-side in the stream.

At least in the region where the laser beam B is impinged on the cellsuspension stream, the flow cell 110 is constructed of an opticallytransmissive material, preferably glass. The sheath liquid must beoptically transmissive as well, in order to permit the laser beam B totravel from the illuminator assembly 130 to and through the cellsuspension with adequate intensity to permit the scattered andnonscattered laser light to be detected.

The illuminator assembly 130 of the present invention is shown in FIG. 1and, in one embodiment, in partial cross section in FIG. 2. It is notedthat some of the components used for positioning certain components in adirection perpendicular to the plane of the view of FIG. 2 areillustratedin a position that is rotated 90° from their actualorientation, forclarity of presentation. The illuminator provides aspatially filtered laser image that is focused on the cell stream. Thesize of the image in adirection parallel to the cell suspension streamis on the order of the diameter of a cell, so that two cells cannoteasily pass within the image concurrently.

With reference to the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the illuminatorassembly 130 is constructed in a modular fashion to permit precise,permanent alignment of each optical component as it is installed duringassembly. The assembly 130 comprises an illuminator housing 170, andfirst, second, third, fourth and fifth illuminator optical componentcarriers 171, 172, 173, 174, 175 mounted as a unit within theilluminator housing. The illuminator housing 170 is mounted within anilluminator mounting ring 176B, which is adjustably mounted to anoptical bench 101.

A laser beam source 131 is mounted in a laser source mounting plate131A. In a preferred embodiment, the laser beam source is asemiconductor laser device, more preferably, a laser diode, such as a 10mw, 670 nm, InGaAlP laser diode such as Model No. TOLD-9225(S)manufactured by Toshiba. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the laser diode 131is mounted in a central bore 133 in the mounting plate 131A, and isretained in the plate by a threadedbacking plug 131B. Leads 131G passfrom the diode 131 through the backing plug 131B and are connected usinga connector 131C to the laser diode driver printed circuit board 149(see FIG. 15 and the related discussion of the laser diode drivercircuit). The printed circuit board 149 is bolted to the back of thelaser source mounting plate 131A by mount 131D.

The laser source mounting plate 131A is mounted to a plate mountingsurface131E of the first illuminator carrier 171, using locking screws131F, only one of which is shown. A gap 141 around the periphery of themounting plate 131A is provided so that the position of the plate 131Acan be adjusted by sliding the plate on the mounting surface 131E beforetightening the screws 131F.

To further provide for adjustment, holes having extra clearance areprovided in the plate 131A for the locking screws 131F. A removablemicrometer adjuster 147B, such as a Daedal Cat. # SPDR 1137 micrometerscrew, is provided to precisely adjust the location of the plate 131Abefore tightening the screws 131F. A nut 143 with coarse externalthreads is first inserted into the threaded hole provided in the firstcarrier 171. A finely threaded micrometer screw 147 is preinstalled inthe nut. A spring-loaded plunger 147A and nut 145 are mounted in athreaded hole opposite the micrometer screw. The micrometer screw 147and the plunger 144 contact the outer periphery of the laser mountingplate 131A. The position of the plate on the face 131E can be finelyadjusted by turning the micrometer screw 147 against the force of thespring loaded plunger 147A, which eliminates back-lash. After the plate131A is correctly positioned on the mounting surface 131E of carrier171, the screws 131F are tightened to lock the plate in place. A similarmicrometer screw and plunger (not shown) are oriented 90° to themicrometer screw 147 for adjustment in that direction. This achieves anx-y positioning (also called a decentering) of the component relative toa "z" axis which is (oris eventually aligned to be) the optical beampath. The micrometer screw 147 and nut 143, and the spring loadedplunger 147A and nut 145, are removed after tightening the screws 131F.These components may then be reused to assemble another illuminatorassembly.

An aspheric collimating lens 158 for collimating the naturally divergingbeam emitted by the laser diode 131 is placed in the beam path near thelaser diode. The collimating lens 158 is mounted in a bore in a mountingcylinder 151 using a retaining nut 159. The mounting cylinder 151 isplaced in a central bore 159C of the first carrier 171. The mountingcylinder 151 fits closely within the central bore 159C so that nofurther positioning of the collimating lens 158 in the radial directionis required. A focusing tool 157A is placed in another bore provided inthe carrier 171 so that an eccentric engaging pin 157 engages a groovein the periphery of the mounting cylinder 151. The axial position (i.e.,in the zdirection) of the mounting cylinder 151 in the central bore 159Cmay be adjusted by rotating the focusing tool 157A in the bore, causingthe engaging pin 157 to revolve eccentrically in the groove. After thecollimating lens 158 is properly positioned, a locking screw 159B isturned to compress a dowel 159A against the mounting cylinder 151,lockingit in place in the bore 159C After tightening the screw 159B, thefocusing tool 157A may be removed and reused in assembling anotherilluminator assembly.

Optionally, a spatial filter 130 is used to remove unwanted spatialfrequencies from the now collimated beam, producing a beam with aGaussianintensity distribution. The spatial filter comprises anobjective lens 185,a collimating lens 190, and a filter aperture plate195 interposed between the objective and collimating lenses. Theobjective lens 185 is mounted ina bore in a mounting cylinder 186. Themounting cylinder 186 is positioned and locked in the central bore 159Cof the first carrier 171 in the same manner as the mounting cylinder151, using a focusing tool 187 and lockingscrew 188.

The second carrier 172 is mounted to the first carrier 171 using bolts(notshown). A pilot shoulder 178 is used to align the first and secondcarriers. The collimating lens 190 is mounted in a bore in a mountingcylinder 191, which is aligned and locked in the central bore 177 of thesecond carrier 172 in the same manner as the mounting cylinder 151,using a focusing tool 192 and locking screw 193.

The spatial filter aperture plate 195 is preferably a thin metal diskhaving a non-reflective coating and a central precision aperture, inthis example a rectangle that is approximately 14 μm×32 μm. The apertureplate 195 is attached to a mounting plate 196 using an adhesive,preferably an epoxy. The mounting plate 196 is mounted to the firstcarrier 171 using screws 197 (only one shown). The mounting plate 196 isaligned in the x-y direction in the same manner as the laser mountingplate 131A, using two pairs of removable micrometer adjusters 199 andspring loaded plungers 198 (only one pair shown), which are mounted inorthogonal axes in the second carrier 172, and which may be removedafter tightening the screws 197.

The laser image is then masked by a beam shaping aperture plate 201A,preferably formed from a thin sheet of metal having a nonreflectivecoating and an aperture, in this example a rectangle that isapproximately446 μm×120 μm. The aperture plate 201A is preferablyattached to the third carrier 173 using an adhesive, such as epoxy. Thethird carrier 173 is mounted to the second carrier 171 using screws 211A(only one shown). The third carrier 173 is aligned in the same manner asthe laser mounting plate 131A, using two pairs of removable micrometeradjusters 205 and spring loaded plungers 204 (again, only one pair isshown), which are mounted in the second carrier 172, and which may beremoved after tightening the screws 211A. A fourth carrier 174 isaligned to the third carrier 173 using pilot diameter 210, and bolted tothe thirdcarrier using bolts 211. Preferably, the spatial filtercomponents are aligned in the x-y directions in an out-of-focuscondition. This provides a larger laser beam dimension that makes iteasier to align the componentsthan in the case where the spatial filteris focused (adjusted in the z direction) and hence would provide asmaller dimensional beam.

A beam sampler 222 is mounted in an angled bore 225 of the fifth carrier175. The fifth carrier is mounted to the fourth carrier 174 using screws215 (only one shown). The fifth carrier 175 is aligned in the samemanner as the laser mounting plate 131A, using two pairs of removablemicrometer screws 216 and spring loaded plungers 217, which areorthogonally mounted in the fifth carrier 175 (only one pair is shown),and which may be removed after tightening the screws 215 for reuse.

The beam sampler 222 functions to reflect a portion of the laser beam toobtain a reference beam to monitor its intensity for use by a differencecircuit in analyzing the blood cells as described below. The beamsampler 222 has a partially reflective surface 223 for reflecting aportion of thebeam onto a reference detector 224, such as a photodiode.In a useful embodiment of the invention, 20% of the beam is reflected.The reference detector is mounted on a reference detector preamp board227, which is attached to the fifth carrier 175 through mounts 226. Thereference detector 224 measures random fluctuations in beam strengthinherent in thelaser source 131. This information is sampled by thereference detector preamp board 227 and is used to compensatemeasurements of beam absorptionmade by the detector system 164.

By sampling the beam after it has been filtered by the spatial filter130 and clipped by the beam shaping aperture plate 201A, only thoserandom power fluctuations affecting the beam as it is imaged in the flowcell 110are measured. Fluctuations affecting only those portions of thebeam that are filtered or masked by the aperture plates 195, 201A are,therefore, ignored by the difference circuit. This results in a moreprecise compensation for the absorption measurement.

The remaining portion of the beam is transmitted through the beamsampler 222, and is axially shifted slightly by refraction. The beampasses into an illuminator lens 220, which is mounted in a central borein the fifth carrier 175. The laser beam image is thus focused by theilluminator lens 220 on the cell suspension stream. A third beam shapingaperture 220A is interposed between lens 220 and beam sampler 222, toshape the laser beam entering lens 220.

A flexure 230 constructed of sheet metal such as spring steel is mountedbetween the third and fourth carriers 173, 174 and is connected to theilluminator housing 170. The flexure, in conjunction with the micrometeradjuster 231 and spring loaded plunger 232, provide an angularadjustment of the carrier assembly 171-175 with respect to the housing.Turning the micrometer adjuster 231 finely adjusts the angle of thecarrier assembly 171-175 as the flexure 230 deflects. After screws 233are tightened to lock the carrier assembly in place in the housing, themicrometer adjuster231 and plunger 232 can be removed and reused toassemble another illuminator.

The illuminator housing 170 is mounted to the illuminator mounting ring176B on an annular face 237. The position of the illuminator housing onthe annular face of the illuminator mounting ring is adjusted usingmicrometer adjuster 234 and plunger 236. The position is locked byscrews 235 (one shown), after which the micrometer adjuster and plungermay be removed and reused.

To manufacture the illuminator assembly 130, the optical components arepreferably aligned and assembled in the order and manner describedabove. The micrometer adjusters (and opposing spring plungers) andfocusing toolsfacilitate precise positioning of each component before itis locked in place. After locking in place, micrometer adjusting tools(and plungers) are removed from the assembled structures. It should alsobe understood that the various micrometers can be adjusted, such thatall of the opticalcomponents are properly oriented and then locked inplace by the mounting screws, after which the micrometers are removed.

The micrometer adjusters, spring loaded plungers and eccentric focusingtools are optimally standardized throughout the illuminator, therebyreducing the number of parts that must be purchased and inventoried foruse in the manufacturing process. Because these parts are reused at thefactory, extremely high precision tools may be used and yet thematerials costs of the illuminator produced are substantially reduced.Moreover, this manufacturing technique yields a reduced cost such thatan illuminator installed in a machine requiring service can be moreefficiently replaced with a prealigned assembly from the factory and theassembly requiring service can be returned to the factory for service.It should be understood that the term factory as used hereinencompassing both original manufacture and a location whereout-of-alignment assembliesare realigned, e.g., a service establishment,repair van and the like. It also should be understood that adjustingdevices other than eccentric focussing tools may be used to move thecomponents which need to be focussed in the z direction in the beampath, and that the term focussing tools is construed so as to includesuch devices within its definition. Italso should be understood that theterms "micrometer adjusters", "spring plungers" and "focussing tools" asused herein include the various fittings (pushrods, nuts, threadedconnections, etc.), which also may be removable, to secure themremovably to the components for adjusting the illuminator components.

An alternative structure and method of alignment of the illuminatorassembly is shown with reference to FIGS. 2A to 2J. In this alternativeembodiment, illuminator assembly 130 includes a laser diode subassembly3010, a housing assembly 3020 and a focusing lens assembly 3050. Thehousing assembly 3020 also receives a first subassembly 3030 containingthe spatial filter aperture 195 and a second subassembly containing thebeam shaping aperture 201A. Referring to FIG. 2A the laser diode 131 ismounted on circuit board 149 and mounted to housing 3010 in a spacermember 3011 in a fixed relation. The collimating lens 158 also ismounted to housing 3010 in a retaining ring 3012 precisely spaced fromlaser diode131 by a pre-determined distance and orientation so to outputa columnated laser beam B. The laser diode 131 and lens 158 are thuspre-focused using a conventional screw arrangement and form anintegrated subassembly.

Housing 3010 includes a ring 3022 having a spherical segment forcontactinga countersunk aperture on housing 3020. This spherical surfaceis measured from a radius R14, originating approximately from the laserdiode 131 as illustrated in FIG. 2A. The precise radius is notsignificant so long as there is essentially a point (more specificallyelliptical) contact with the opposing countersunk (preferably a conicalor frustroconical) surface of housing 3020. The laser diode assembly3010 is then coupled to housing 3020 by a set of two orthogonaldifferential screws, 3024 which are used to adjust the laser beam axisoutput from lens 158. The differential screws 3024, of which one isshown in FIG. 2A has two concentric screw threads with pitches 3024A and3024B that are different from each other. Rotating the differentialscrew 3024C produces a fine adjustment of the beam axis, whosegranularity of adjustment equals the difference between the two threadedpitches 3024A and 3024B. Rotating the mating screw 3024D which engagesthe inner threaded pitch 3024A of the differential screw 3024 produces acoarse adjustment of the beam axis with a granularity equal to thethreaded pitch 3024A. Thus, the tilt of the spherical surface3022 isadjusted relative to the axis of housing 3020. This is a conventionalstructure and uses a screw head 3024D for the gross adjustment and a hexhead 3024C for the fine adjustment. The two orthogonal differentialscrews 3024 are thus used to orient the laser diode assembly 3010 tohave a common optical axis with the optical components of theilluminator assembly 130. Once the laser diode axis has beenappropriately adjusted, a set screw between the housing 3020, andthelaser diode assembly housing 3010 as shown in FIG. 2B, and thehousing area3028 is filled with epoxy, e.g., 3M brand epoxy EC2216, toset the laser diode beam axis. An o-ring 3026 is inserted around the setscrew 3025 in the area 3028 to form a seal and maintain the set screwpotted in the epoxy. Each differential screw 3024 operates against atension force exerted by a stack of Belleville washers 3026 between ascrew 3027 and housing 3020, which serve to maintain a counter force onthe differential screw 3024 to maintain the spherical surface 3022 inpoint contact with housing 3020.

With reference to housing 3020, it includes a cylindrical passageway orbore through its interior, and has a shoulder 3029 against which thecollector lens 190 of the spatial filter is urged. The lens 190 ismountedsecurely and held in place by a spring washer 3021, which may bea Belleville washer or a variation thereof. Lens 190 is mounted in thehousing in a fixed orientation, for which there typically is noadjustment. The objective lens 185 of the spatial filter and theaperture 195 of the spatial filter are inserted within housing 3020. Theaperture 195 is inserted in a sub-assembly 3030, which is preferablyprovided with a rectangular cross-section and is inserted into acylindrical aperture 3039 traversing the housing 3020 and interceptingthe beam axis. With reference to FIG. 2C, a top view of the sub-assembly3030 for the aperture195 inserted in housing 3020, it is seen that thecorners of the aperture assembly 3030 are urged against the cylindricalwall of housing 3020 by a vleer ball spring plunger 3031, which forcesthe aperture 195 against the bore against which it is inserted. The pairof vleer ball spring plungers 3032 thus serve to seat kinematicallysubassembly 3030 the precision drilled bore in housing 3020.

The aperture 195 is thus a removable structure which advantageouslyallows for the insertion of a locator aperture 3038, which is a toolthat is temporarily used for purposes of aligning the laser diode beamusing the differential screws 3024 as previously discussed and thenremoved. Referring to FIG. 2F the locator aperture 3038 is illustratedas a cross having a dimension that permits locating the precise center.The aperture 195 has a small hole such that it is difficult to see lightpassing through the hole, even when it is held up to a bright light. Theuse of the locator aperture 3038 permits adjusting the beam orientationto traverse one leg of the cross so that the beam passes through and canbe detected down stream of the aperture 3038. This is illustrated with avertical line 3038X on FIG. 2F. Once the beam is centered in the oneleg, it then can be translated to the center of the cross, correspondingto thecenter of aperture 195, as illustrated by the dashed line 3038Y.In this manner, the laser diode beam can be adjusted in two dimensionsand the center of aperture 3038 located. This is believed to be easierthan simplytrying to de-focus the laser beam and locate the center byprogressively focusing the laser beam and adjusting the tilt to maintaina beam passing through aperture 195. It is to be noted, however, thatthis de-focusing technique also may be used in place of inserting aseparate locator aperture 3038.

The objective lens 185 of the spatial filter is mounted on a cylinder3060,which is adapted for moving along the beam axis to focus the laserbeam onto the aperture 195. With reference to cylinder 3060, it ismachined with a first radius R1 giving it a generally cylindricalstructure of which a portion is machined at a second and larger radiusR2, off centeredfrom radius R1. The result is an arc 3062 which providesthe cylinder 3060 with two line contacts or rails which are engagedagainst the bore of housing 3020 by an eccentric mechanism. Theeccentric mechanism, describedbelow, moves the cylinder 3060 along therails and hence the beam axis to focus the collector lens 185 of thespacial filter. In this regard, the collector lens 185 is mounted ontocylinder 3060 in a fixed relationship. The cylinder 3060 is providedwith a kinematic support in the two line contacts that permit it totranslate along the beam axis without wobbling in or about a planeorthogonal to the beam axis.

The translation is obtained by an eccentric 3064 which is adjusted by ascrew 3066 that rotates a pin 3067 about an axis on the eccentric 3064.Referring to FIGS. 2D and 2E, the pin 3067 is engaged in a slot 3068,suchthat as the pin 3067 rotates about the eccentric 3064 axis, the pinwill move in the slot 3068 and cause the cylinder 3060 to translatelinearly along the beam axis. The adjusting screw 3066 is secured in ahousing witha Belleville washer 3069 that urges the eccentric 3064 incontact with the cylinder 3060 and maintains the two rails, indicated byarrows 3061A and 3061B on FIG. 2D, against the interior of housing 3060.This provides a smooth action of the housing as the eccentric is rotatedand prevents the lens from wobbling, more specifically maintaining thelens in a plane perpendicular to the beam axis as the cylinder 3060 isfocused by movementof eccentric 3064 and pin 3067.

Referring to FIG. 2A, beam shaping aperture 201A is mounted securely inan adjustable frame 3040 that is coupled to housing 3020 by means of aoval head screw 3042. The oval head screw has an elastic stop nut 3043.The oval head screw 3042 is mounted against a countersunk aperture inhousing 3020 in a way that will permit it, and thus frame 3040, to pivotabout in a center in three degrees of freedom. The dome head screw 3042has a substantially spherical surface to locate against the countersunkhole in housing 3020. The frame or aperture assembly 3040 includes twoset screws that are used to control the pivoting of the assembly 3040about the dome head sphere. Each set screw causes the assembly 3040 topivot about a small arc so that aperture 201A can be centered on thebeam axis. A retaining pin 3045 is used to keep the assembly 3040 fromrotating. The pin engages a groove 3044 which allows the assembly 3040to move, but doesnot allow it to rotate.

The beam sampler assembly 222 is located in a mount 3080 secured tohousing3020, such that it reflects a portion and refracts the remainderof the laser beam. As a result, the beam passing through sampler 222 isto be offset relative to the beam output by the laser diode as indicatedin FIG.2A.

A reference photodiode 227 is located above beam sampler 222 in a mount3084 secured to housing 3020. These elements 222 and 227 remain fixed inplace.

Regarding the focusing lens 220, it is mounted in an assembly 3050 thatis used to focus the laser beam onto a flow cell 110 (shown in FIG. 2Aby themark labeled FC).

Regarding FIG. 2G a side view of the assembly 3050 retaining lens 220indicates that there are two eccentrics and a fixed pin that are used tolocate lens to 220 into the refracted beam path. Lens 220 is mountedsecurely to a plate 3052 which is adjustably positioned on the assembly3050. The assembly 3050 is in turn connected to housing 3020 forexample, by being bolted together. The plate 3052 has a pin 3054 that isfixed in housing 3050 and slides within a groove 3055 in plate 3052. Thefirst eccentric 3056 causes the plate 3052 to rotate about the pin andthus orients the lens on the beam axis in a up and down positionrelative to the beam axis. The second eccentric 3058 is used totranslate the lens 220to the left and right on the beam axis and theplate 3052 rotates about pin3054. Once the lens 220 is centered in thetwo directions, the plate 3052 is locked down to assembly 3050 by threelocking screws and Belleville washers (not shown). It is noted that thefocus provided by lens 220 is not particularly critical to theilluminator assembly 130, in as much as the flow cell can be shifted ina tolerance range that is adequate for illuminating the particles underexamination.

With reference to FIGS. 2H and 2I, the illuminator assembly 130 ismounted on an assembly that is used to orient the laser beam output fromlens 220 onto the flow cell. The assembly includes a base 3100 and twoturnbuckles 3102 that provides kinematic control over the adjustment ofthe illuminator assembly 130, and hence the laser beam axis. Eachturnbuckle has essentially the same structure of which only one is shownin FIGS. 2H and 2I. Each turnbuckle 3102 has a left handed threadportion 3103 and a right handed thread portion 3104. Respectivelymounted on each of the threads is a ball 3113 and 3115 and wedgesurfaces 3112 and 3114 which areurged apart by a spring 3108. Each ofthe wedges 3112 and 3114 are respectively urged in place against balls3113 and 3115. Spring 3109 is mounted between a boss 3120 and ball 3113to maintain the turnbuckle 3102 engaged against an dome head screw 3122.Thus, when turnbuckle 3102 is rotated clockwise the balls 3113 and 3115move outwardly relative to the center of the housing 3020, which lowersthe illuminator assembly and tilts laser beam axis. A counterclockwiserotation will operate to raise the portion of the cylinder over theturnbuckle and tilt the laser beam axis the other way.

Springs 3124 and 3125 are used to maintain the housing 3020 in contactwiththe wedged surfaces 3112 and 3114 respectively. The springs 3124 and3125 do not have a critical tension, but merely keep the housing fromfalling off. The wedged surfaces 3112 and 3114 are cylindrical, having acurvaturethat is tangential to the barrel of the illuminator housing3020 and thus provide a point contact (more accurately an ellipticalcontact). Thus, with two turnbuckles 3102, the illuminator assembly canbe tilted upwardlyor downwardly by appropriate adjustment of therespective turnbuckles, and the illuminator assembly translatedvertically (while maintaining the angle of tilt constant) bysimultaneous action of the two turnbuckles in the same direction. Thetranslation of the illuminator assembly 130 in thex and y directions isobtained by adjusting the dome head screw 3122 to shift the turnbuckle3102 and its wedge pieces as a unit. Separate adjustment of theturnbuckles by the respective dome head screws will operate to shift theilluminator assembly right and left. Thus, the cylinder of housing 3020can be moved in two dimensions with four degrees of freedomkinematically. In addition, the foregoing assembly can be provided witha z-axis translation (i.e., along the beam axis) for focus, which isobtained by a separate oval head screw 3130 that is mounted in a boss3120 and sits against a fixed stop 3134 on the assembly base 3100.Similarly, another plate 3200 (shown in phantom in FIG. 2I) can beinterposed between base 3100 and the turnbuckles and used to provide ay-axis translation (i.e., shifting the illuminator assembly and beamaxis side to side) of the turnbuckles using an oval head screw 3230 in aboss 3232. One or more appropriate guides or rails (two are shown inFIG. 2J) are used to maintain a precise linear translation, as known tothose of ordinary skill in the art. Alternatively, base 3100 could bemounted on toplate 3200 with the appropriate adjustments as between theoval head screws, bosses, and stop member locations. Referring to FIG.2J, a spring 3230A may be interposed between the boss 3150B and ovalhead screw 3130 tomaintain the assembly boss 3120 in contact with ovalhead screw 3130. A locknut 3130A may be used to secure the assembly oncefocus (or shifting) has been achieved.

The force exerted by springs 3109 and 3108 is merely sufficient toovercomethe friction. The use of balls 3113 and 3115 is preferred forease of tolerance in machining of the parts. In this regard, the ballscan pivot about their centers to some extent, without involving anychange in the position of the wedge surfaces 3112 and 3114.

In this alternative assembly, an accurate and precise alignment of theoptical component for the illuminator assembly 130 is obtained, with aminimum number of parts, ease of manufacture and relatively low costeven as compared to the embodiment described in connection with FIG. 2.

As shown in FIG. 1, after exiting the illuminator assembly 130, thelaser beam B is directed on the cell suspension stream at point 119 inthe flow cell 110. Preferably, the flow cell 110 is tilted at an angle118 relativeto the plane normal to the axis of laser beam B of 3°-5°,preferably 4° (not shown in FIG. 1). The tilt axis is parallel to thelong axis of the beam shaping aperture and perpendicular to both theoptical axis and the axis of the flow cell.

After leaving the flow cell 110, the scattered beam enters the detectorsystem 164. The detector system 164, shown cut away in FIG. 3, comprisesa2-element, high numeric aperture (NA) lens 301, a beam splitter 310, anabsorption detector 315 with an corresponding imaging lens 316, a darkstop 320, a split mirror 330 and scatter detectors 345, 346 with acorresponding imaging lens 347. Each of the elements are mounted in acylindrical bore of housing 305 in a predetermined and fixed position.

The high NA lens system 301 collects and collimates the scattered lightfrom the flow cell, forming a circular pattern of parallel rays forsegregation by the beam splitter 310 and the dark stop 320. It isimportant that this lens system have a high numerical aperture in ordertocollect the scattered beam through a maximum included solid anglesubtendedabout the flow cell 110. It has been found by the inventors,however, that some spherical aberration in the pattern of collectedlight formed by the lens is permissible without significantly degradingthe measurement of absorption and scatter. For this reason, a lower cost2-element high NA lens is useable in the detector system of theinvention. High NA lens 301 comprises a first element 302 and a secondelement 303, and is mounted in the bore of detector housing 305. Lens302 is held in place by a spring retainer 302A, abutting a spacer member302B which separates lens 302 and lens 303 by a fixed distance. Thespring retainer 302A may be a form of Belleville washer made, e.g., ofnylon.

After exiting the second element 303 of the high NA lens 301, thecollimated light strikes the beam splitter 310 which is mounted in afixedangular orientation to the beam axis in a spacer member 310A. Aportion of the light is reflected by the beam splitter 310 and passesthrough an absorption detector imaging lens 316 mounted to the base 305.The imaging lens 316 focuses the light onto an absorption detector 315.In a currentlypreferred embodiment of the detector, 50% of the lightfrom the high NA lens is reflected by the beam splitter 310 for use bythe absorption channel. The beam splitter 310 also has a 0.5° wedge,which is the measured angle between the front optical surface ofsplitter 310 and rear optical plane of splitter 310 to reduceinterference from reflected beams.Alternately, lens 316 may be mountedin spacer member 310A in a fixed position relative to beam splitter 310to provide for an aligned arrangement.

The absorption detector 315 is preferably a photosensitive diode mountedona detector circuit board 352, which is described further below.

The absorption detector actually measures the unabsorbed light from theflow cell that is collected by the high NA lens. This measurement isaffected by random fluctuations in laser power from the laser diode 131(FIG. 1). The fluctuations are measured by the reference detector 224are converted to an oscillating electrical signal in the reference diodepreamp board 227, and subtracted from the absorption detector signal bya difference circuit on the DATAC board 115 (FIG. 11A). By eliminatingthe effect of the random power fluctuations from the laser, a cleanerabsorption measurement is obtained. Further, because only the maskedportion of the beam utilized in the absorption measurement is sampled bythe beam sampler 222, the difference circuit subtracts only those randomfluctuations in the laser beam that are likely to affect the absorptionmeasurement. More accurate compensation of the measurement results.

The remaining portion of the light collected by the high NA lens 303 istransmitted through the beam splitter 310 for use in the measurement ofhigh and low angle scatter. Because the light has been collimated, theouter portion of the circular pattern comprises light that was scatteredat a high angle in the flow cell; the inner portion of the pattern islight scattered at a low angle. These two portions of the scatteredlight are segregated by the dark stop 320, which is shown in plan viewin FIG. 4. The dark stop is preferably constructed from a thin metallicplate having an opaque, non-reflective coating. The dark stop ispreferably mounted in the bore of housing 305 against a shoulder at anangle α,(FIG. 3) of about 71/2 (7.41°) perpendicular to the beam path,in order to reduce interference from ghost reflections back into theoptical system and to minimize aberrations from the optical system.Other angles may be used, e.g., an angle between 5° and 10°. In oneembodiment, a screw adjustment may be provided to select the angle ofthe dark stop 320 relative to the shoulder. The dark stop 320 is held inposition by spacer members 310A and 320A and retaining washer 302A.

The opaque coating of the dark stop 320 has a plurality of precisionshapedapertures that permit light to pass according to its distance fromthe center of the light pattern. A first aperture 321 permits high-anglescatter, which is typically light scattered between 5° and 15° in theflow cell, to pass. In a preferred embodiment, the firstaperture 321 isa sector-shaped aperture bounded by an inner radius of 3.94mm, an outerradius of 11.57 mm, and extends through an arc of slightly less than180°. In the remaining half of the dark stop 320, second and thirdapertures 322, 323 permit low-angle scatter, which is typicallyscattered between 2° and 3°, to pass. In a preferred embodiment, thesecond and third apertures 322, 323 are sector-shaped apertures boundedby an inner radius of 1.58 mm, an outer radius of 2.37 mm, and eachextends through an arc of slightly less than 90°. The dark stop thusallows only high-angle scatter to pass in one half of the light pattern,and low-angle scatter to pass in the other half.

For ease of alignment, the center of the dark stop 320 may have a holeto allow a portion of the laser beam to pass therethrough and impingethe reflective split mirror 330 for alignment. Once aligned, the hole isoccluded during use by a rod inserted between the dark stop and thecollecting lens which blocks the beam portion passing through thealignment hole, but which does not block the shaped apertures.

It should be understood that non-radial apertures in the dark stop maybe used for detecting the different scatter (and optionally absorption)optical interactions. Similarly, a non-circular laser beam could be usedto impinge on the stream of particles in the flow call 110. In suchcase, it may be desirable to map empirically the desired scatterrange(s) (and absorption) interactions using such non-radial aperturesand/or non-circular beams, in view of known scatter and absorptionpatterns for, e.g., circular laser beams and radial annular sectionedapertures with beam stops (i.e., the conventional configuration for flowcytometers), so that the signals detected can be properly interpreted toidentify and enumerate correctly the particles under interrogation.

The light pattern, as masked by the dark stop 320, is transmitted to asplit mirror 330 mounted in a housing 330A which is in turn secured(e.g.,bolted) to the base 305. The split mirror comprises two opticalflats 331, 332, arranged respectively, above and below the optical axisas shown in FIG. 5. The surfaces of the flats 331, 332 are oriented indifferent planes having a common axis and an angle of tilt 334 betweenthe planes, as best seen in FIG. 3. In a preferred embodiment, the angle334 (FIG. 3) between the surfaces 331, 332 is 51/2. The split mirror 330is mounted in the base 305 so that the edge 333 (see FIG. 5) of thesurfaces lies between the high-angle scatter portion of the lightpattern and the low angle portion of the light pattern. That is, lightpassing through the first aperture 321 of the dark stop 320 strikessurface 331, while light passing through the second and third apertures322, 323 of the dark stop strike a surface 332 of a beam splitterelement 330 (see FIG. 5). The highand low angle scatter portions of thelight pattern are therefore reflectedin diverging directions by thesplit mirror 330. One useful embodiment usesthe high angle scattermirror 331 above the optical axis at an angle of 40.75° relative to theaxis, and the low angle scatter mirror 332 below the optical axis at anangle of 46.25° relative to the beam axis.

In an alternative embodiment, a faceted prism may be used in place ofthe split mirror to separate the high and low angle scatter portions ofthe light pattern. FIGS. 6 and 7 show a two-angle faceted prism 360comprisingfirst and second sections 361, 363 having first and secondfacets 362, 364,respectively. The faceted prism 360 is mounted in thedetector assembly so that the light pattern is transmitted through theprism in the direction of arrow A. The high-angle scatter portion of thebeam from the dark stop 320 strikes the first section 361 of the prism,and the low-angle portion strikes the second section 363. Because thefacets 362, 364 have rotated facet angles, the high- and low-anglescatter portions of the light pattern are refracted at different angles.

The dark stop and the mirror or prism of the invention could beconfigured for further resolution of the light scatter pattern intothree, four or more ranges of scatter angle. For example, dark stop 370and prism 374, shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 respectively, are configured forseparating the pattern into three portions. The dark stop 370 has threeapertures 371, 372, 373 located at three radius ranges from the centerof the light pattern. The faceted prism 374 has three correspondingsections 375, 376, 377 for refracting the resulting beam portions ontothree detectors (not shown).

Returning to FIG. 3, the high and low angle scatter portions of thelight pattern pass through a single scatter detector imaging lens 347.The pattern is focused as two images, one each on a high angle scatterdetector 345 and a low angle scatter detector 346. The two portions ofthelight pattern are sufficiently separated by the split mirror 330 toform two side-by-side images on the two side-by-side detectors 345, 346.This arrangement eliminates an additional imaging lens, beam splitterand dark stop which would otherwise be required to separate the high andlow angle scatter portions of the light pattern. Lens 347 also ispreferably mountedin housing 330A. The structure of detector assembly164, using the precision machined bore in housing 305 and spacer membersthus provides a low cost and accurately positioned detector assembly.

The absorption detector 315 and the high and low angle scatter detectors345, 346 are mounted on a common detector circuit board 352. Use of acommon printed circuit board reduces cost by reducing part count andsimplifying assembly. Furthermore, alignment of the three detectors,whichhad previously been done separately, can be done in a singleoperation by adjusting the position of the common board 352. Therelative positions of the three detectors on the common printed circuitboard can be maintained with sufficient accuracy to each other usingstandard PC board assembly techniques.

E. Chassis and Assembly of Components

The structure of the chassis and assembly of the flow cytometerinstrument in accordance with the present invention is shown in FIGS.37-40, 44 and 45. With reference to FIGS. 45 and 47, the superstructureof the chassis of the flow cytometer instrument includes a base plate830, left side panel 831, right side panel 832, and a top panel 834which are secured together, preferably by rivets to minimize distortionand texturing. A topplate 813 is secured on top panel 834 having variousapertures (not shown) for passing pneumatic or hydraulic tubing andelectronic wiring therethrough, and other apertures (not shown) formounting various body panels and components using, for example, threadedscrews or bolts.

Referring to FIG. 45, viewed from the front, the instrument chassis hastopand bottom and left and right internal shelves, formed from top shelfpanels 839 and 838, and bottom shelf panels 837 and 836. These panelsare secured together and to the respective side panels 831 and 832.Shelves 839, 838, 837, and 836 each contain various apertures (notshown) for passing pneumatic and electrical tubing therethrough.Although not shown in FIG. 45, secured to the underneath side of the topinterior shelves 839and 838 are a plurality of diaphragm pump assembliesas well as various pneumatic manifolds. These conventional structuresare used, for example, to control and connect a vacuum line or apressure line input to the unified flow cell assembly, and to thesyringe pumps for the flow cell operation of the network, namely thepneumatic lines and valves for performing the hydraulic flow of thesample processing of reaction mixtures and analysis described herein.

As illustrated in FIGS. 46 and FIG. 11C, the pneumatic control assembly163includes 14 valves: three four-way 40 psig/ATM valves, valve V30 foroperating the sample shear valve, valve V38 for operating the samplesleeve of the manual open tube sampler, and valve V39 for operating themanual closed tube sampler needle; three three-way 40 psig/Vac valves,including valve V78 for operating the RETIC reagent diaphragm pump,valve V80 for operating the RBC reagent diaphragm pump, valve V77 foroperating the PEROX Dil 2 reagent diaphragm pump; six three-way 20psig/Vac valves, including valve V28 for operating the #1 rinsediaphragm pump, valve V29 for operating the #2 rinse diaphragm pump;valve V60 for operating the Wash rinse diaphragm pump; valve V75 foroperating the HGB and BASO reagent diaphragm pump; valve V76 foroperating the PEROX Dil 1 diaphragm pump; valve V79 for operating thePEROX Dil 2-3 diaphragm pumps; and two three way 5 psig/VAC valves,including valve V26 for operating the Perox'soptics sheath flowdiaphragm pump and valve V34 for operating the RBC/BASO/RETIC sheathflow diaphragm pump.

Referring now to FIG. 47, there is a center lateral interior panel 833thatis connected to an upper interior center lateral panel 840 to whichthe interior shelves 839, 838, 837, and 836 are connected. Stripgrommets 847 are mounted to side panels 831 and 832 for supporting aremovable module comprising, e.g., the power module/pump assemblymodule. The CANBUS scrambler 120 is secured to the backside of upperpanel 840 for interconnecting the various nodes to the CANBUS as isdescribed below.

Referring to FIG. 45, the printed circuit boards for the PEROX OpticScrambler 825 and the RBC/BASO/RETIC optic scrambler 826 are shown, withadotted line connection to their respective positions on interior upperpanel 840.

Referring now to FIGS. 37 and 44, it is shown where the PEROX Optics 116ismounted to the top panel 813 using shock mounts 850. TheRBC/BASO/RETIC optic assembly 117 is similarly mounted to the topplatform 813. Unified flow circuit assembly 508 is mounted to the spacebetween the left and right interior upper and lower shelves asillustrated in FIG. 38, and 44. The syringe pumps 842A and 840B arebetween flanges 846 and syringes 843 which are coupled to the syringepump 842A or 842B using syringe nut 844. As illustrated in FIG. 39, therespective syringe pumps are tubed to respective solenoid valves 822, atcoupler 845. The syringes 842B, which inject the volume of reactionmixture to be analyzed into the sheath flow,respectively pump a smallervolume, for example, 50 microliter per stroke, whereas the other pair ofsyringes 842A, which draw out the sheath flow and reaction mixture fromthe flow cells pump a larger volume, for example, 1.0 milliliter perstroke.

Referring to FIGS. 42 and 43, each syringe pump 841A has a similarconstruction. It includes a lead screw linear actuator 866 driving acarriage 871 mounted for translation along the threaded lead screw shaft866. The shaft 866 is turned by motor 870, which is mounted behind plate841, such that motor 870 is connected to the lead screw 866 by a beltand pulley system designated 868, 869. The syringe piston is moved upand downinside glass cylinder 867. A bar 890 is used to guide carriage871 as it moves along the lead screw 871. The carriage 866 includes aflange 846A which is coupled to the plunger 843P of the syringe 843. Athumb wheel 891is provided for manual adjustment of the syringeposition.

In operation, the motor 870 is driven according to one of a number ofpreprogrammed pumping profiles, which are stored in a memory anddownloaded into the pump node, which is used to control the syringepumps 842A and 842B (described below). The downloaded parameters may beany thatare useful to control the pump mechanism to be used. The motorcould be a stepper or a D.C. motor. In case of a D.C. motor, an encoderwhose increments, called steps, is locked to the motor shaft whichoperates the pump. These "steps" represent the parameters, typicallyacceleration, and velocity, and total distance, and may include thetimes when each acceleration segment, velocity segment and decelerationsegment start and stop. The times may be provided in the form of anumber of steps for each segment or times when the motor is turned onand off and adjusted to run faster, slower or at a constant rate.Alternately, the parameters may include a number of steps per secondwhich rate is increased over time foracceleration segments (anddecreased for deceleration segments).

On a downward stroke, syringe pump chamber 867 is filled with a reactionmixture from the selected reaction chamber to be analyzed, inconjunction with the "vac shuttle" port of the UFC 502. For theupstroke, the motor 870 is controlled according the pump profile so thatthe plunger 843P moves at a calculated rate of acceleration to achieve adesired flow rate of particle suspension and sheath flow through theflow cell in question and then maintain the flow at a given velocity.The upstroke and downstroke profiles may be different and are method(i.e., reagent and sample) dependent.

With reference to FIG. 41, each profile to be used for samplingpreferably is essentially trapezoidal in appearance, and typically willhave essentially the same acceleration and deceleration time intervalsand a uniform flow rate in between, during which the opticalmeasurements are made. The profile should achieve a very stable, andconstant, flow rate during the time the absorption and scatter data isacquired. It may be desirable in some embodiments to delay acquiring theoptical interaction data until a stable flow rate of particles in thereaction mixture is obtained through the flow cell.

The pump profiles are empirically derived for the particular dimensionsandreaction mixture characteristics involved. It is also noted that thepump profiles of the syringe pumps 842A and 842B may be different, giventhat each pumps a different volume of fluid (two input fluids and oneoutput fluid) during substantially the same amount of time. Suitablepump profiles may be adapted from those found in the Technicon model H*1systemdiagnostic instrument formerly sold by Technicon Inc., Tarrytown,New York.

A representative pump profile for various fluid (sheath) and reactionmixture samples is illustrated in FIGS. 41A. Some reaction mixtures,e.g.,for the RBC/BASO samples, may advantageously use a first or highervelocity, which is maintained for a first stroke distance of the pump,andwhich is then decreased to a second or lower velocity for theremainder of the stroke distance. This is illustrated in FIG. 41B. Theoptical measurements are typically obtained during the second, lowervelocity.

With reference to FIGS. 41A and 41B, the time "t" is measured in secondsasa total number of step increments of a step motor 870, the velocity"V" is measured in number of steps per second, and the acceleration "AC"is measured as the number of steps per second squared. For convenience,the pump profile may be defined as a function of velocity which, e.g.,starts at zero, progresses through an acceleration stage, reaches aconstant, then decelerates and returns to zero.

FIG. 41A represents such a profile suitable for a reaction mixturehaving an acceleration (and deceleration) AC in the range of from400,000 steps/sec² to 1,250,000 steps/sec², a velocity V on the orderoffrom 10,000 steps/sec to 50,000 steps/sec, with a start to finishduration of between 3 and 15 seconds. The pump profiles for the sheathflow will have at least as great a velocity as the reaction mixture, asis well known, so as to entrain the reaction mixture in the sheath fluidand pass the particles essentially one at a time through the flow celloptical interrogation area.

FIG. 41B illustrates a pump profile of the type which has two constantflowvelocity stages, one higher than the other, as discussed. The highervelocity V₁ may be, e.g., on the order of between 8000 and 12,250steps/sec, and the lower velocity V₂ on the order of between 1800and8000 steps/sec. It is to be understood that the sheath flow will havea higher velocity to entrain adequately the particles. It also may bethat the sheath flow velocity will change relatively little, e.g. by 20%or so from the higher to the lower velocity, whereas the reactionmixture flow of the higher velocity may be 3 to 5 times larger than inthe lower velocity.

The empirical derivation of a pump profile, which is preferablypredetermined for each reaction mixture and sheath, and stored in memoryin the form of control parameters appropriate to operate the pump, isstraightforward; it depends on the sample size, the portion of theavailable sample to be optically examined, the time in which it isdesiredto complete the data acquisition, the time needed to obtain astable velocity to acquire the data, the size of the particles to beexamined, and the size and shape of the flow cell being used. Hence,given the largenumber of design choices, more than one profile may besuitable for any given reaction mixture. It also should be understoodthat non uniform, asymmetrical, and non-trapezoidal shaped pump profilesalso may be used.

It is to be understood that the solenoid valves 822 are controlled toensure that the reaction mixture is provided to the flow cell at theappropriate times, and similarly a rinse solution is provided to purgethesyringe pumps and the flow cell. Solenoid valves 822C may be used tocontrol the switching of the sheath flow into flow cell 110 and 110A.Solenoid valves 822B operate to control the switching of the reactionmixture and sheath flow through the flow cell, and solenoid valves 822Aare used to switch the syringe pumps 842A to the waste system.

Referring to the syringe pumps 842A and 842B on the left side of FIG.39, they are the pumps used for the Peroxidase analysis conducted inflow cell110A. Syringe pump 842B is provided with an input having tube858A coupled to the "shuttle perox output" of UFC 502, and an input tube858B coupled to the "direct cytometry" output of UFC 502. Syringe pump842B has an output tube 858C which is connected to an input of the flowcell 110A, illustrated as three-to-one concentric flow module (CFM)859A. Also coupled to the CFM 859A are tubes 860A from the "vacuumshuttle perox" input to UFC 502 and a tube 861A from solenoid valve822C. The output of flow cell 110A is coupled to solenoid valve 822B bytube 862A. Tube 862A is coupled to solenoid valve 822B which is coupledto tube 863A which is coupled to the syringe pump 842A.

Referring to the syringe pumps 842A and 842B of the RBC/BASO/RETIC opticassembly, it is shown that they have a similar construction as thesyringevalves of the PEROX optic assembly, except that the syringe pump842B has multiple inputs indicated by tubes 864A-864D respectivelyconnected to the "shuttle baso" output, the "shuttle RBC" output, the"direct cytometry" output, and the "shuttle retics" output of the UFC502. The other tubing illustrated is used in the same manner as for theperox channel except that the letter designator in the reference numeralis deleted.

F. Pneumatic/Hydraulic Assemblies

The hydraulic connections by tubes 866, 867, and 868, respectivelyconnecting the needle overflow vacuum, the needle vacuum, and the needlerinse lines of the UFC 502 to the Autosampler unit 818, are shown inFIGS.39 and 40.

Referring now to FIG. 40, the straw assembly connecting the pumpassembly 504 of the unified fluid circuit assembly 508 to the variousfluids, is shown. The straw assembly includes a DIFF straw assembly 820including tubings 820A, 820B, 820C, and 820D which are respectivelyconnected to a first reagent (Perox Dil 1), a second reagent (Perox Dil2), a third reagent (Perox Dil 3), and a sheath fluid, throughrespective check valves827 which prevent contamination of the suppliesof these fluids. The tubings 820A-820C are respectively input to theinputs labeled PEROX Dil 1, PEROX Dil 2 and PEROX DIL 3, of thediaphragm pump unit 504, and the sheath flow tubing 820D is connected tothe PEROX sheath pump.

Regarding the CBC/RETIC straw assembly, tube 821A is connected to areagentfor the RBC test, and is connected to the RBC input of diaphragmpump unit 504. The tubing 821B is coupled to the hemoglobin reagentsupply and to the HGB input of diaphragm pump unit 504. Tubing 821C isconnected to the supply of reagent for the BASO analysis, which isconnected to the BASO input of diaphragm pump 504. Tube 821D isconnected to the supply of reagent for the RETIC analysis, and iscoupled to the input labeled RETICSon diaphragm pump unit 504. Tubing821E is connected to a supply of rinse solution located in a separatecontainer, e.g., on the floor and is coupled to a RINSE diaphragm pump.

Tube 821F is coupled to a supply of defoamer 849 and is coupled to adefoamer input of UFC 502.

The part labeled "FROM CLEANSER PUMP", "FROM RINSE PUMP", "FROM PEROXSHEATH PUMP", "TO CLEANSER PUMP", on FIG. 40 refer to solutions that arepumped by the utility diaphragm pumps typically located above thereagent bottles.

Referring now to FIG. 37, it is shown that a top cover 810 is mountedover the top panel 813 to protect the RBC optics assembly 117 and theperox optics assembly 116. Additional cover panels including hingedfront covers811 and 812, 816 and 815, 814, and side panels 817A and 817Bare mounted tothe chassis. Preferably, the chassis members, except forthe covers and other exterior panels, are constructed of galvanizedsteel to minimize corrosion. The outer body panels are preferablyconstructed of a durable plastic. The steel construction providesenhanced resistance to EMI. It also provides a stronger structure by apseudo "unibody" construction, wherein certain components, such as thesyringe pump modules, are incorporated into the superstructure andimportant to the structural integrity of the instrument, which producesa lighter, stronger chassis.

G. Autosampler

Referring to FIGS. 11D, 37 and 48, an autosampler assembly 818 which canbeused with the present invention is shown. The autosampler 818comprises an input queue 854, a mixer assembly 880, and an output queue857. The input queue 854 and output queue 857 are essentially mirrorimages of each other. Each includes an inner tray 855 for queuing upcassettes 865 (not shown in FIG. 37) wherein each cassette 865 containsa plurality of sampletubes 876, preferably ten (10). A cross section ofan exemplary cassette 876 is shown in FIG. 48. Also shown is how eachcassette includes ten receptacles which are individually provided with abar code 877, preferably permanently. Thus, each sample test tube 876also may be individually bar coded and the bar codes of the sample tubesand the cassette receptacles can be correlated for testing and reportingpurposes.The use of ten tubes 876 permits using a "decimal" system forloading a completely full rack. This makes for easy identification by anoperator ofa tube, for example, from which the autosampler 818 was notable to aspirate a valid blood sample or for which additional tests arerequired. The operator can then easily locate the tube and perform atest using a manual aspiration port or a separate instrument, as thecase may be.

The trays 855 are preferably made of stainless steel and are removablefor cleaning. Trays 855 also include one side 855B which is taller thanthe other side 855A to insure that the cassettes 865, which havecorrespondingflanges, are loaded into the queue in a proper orientationfor passing through the mixer assembly 880. The input queue and outputqueue are respectively mounted on top of bayonet supports 851 which arerectangular structures secured to the underneath of panel 830 throughapertures passing therethrough, and secured to the left and right sideusing L brackets (not shown). These bayonets 851 serve a dual functionof enablingtwo people to carry the instrument, as well as a support forthe input and output queues 854 and 857. A mounting block 852 is used tosecure the I-beam rail 853 which protrudes from the input ends of theautosampler mixer assembly 880 to the bayonet 851 and to the input queue854. The similar arrangement is used on the output queue side. The inputand outputqueues 854 and 857 may be easily removed from the bayonets 851to facilitate easy transport of the flow cytometer.

The input and output queues each utilize a walking beam design wherebyat the input queue, the cassettes are sequentially mechanically urgedtoward the front of the instrument in close contact with the pluralityof cassettes in the queue. Thus, when all of the tubes in a cassette aretested, the next cassette is ready to be inserted, and the just-testedcassette, with all of its sample tubes returned to the cassette, isejected into a space in the front of the output queue. In oneembodiment, two cassettes may be within the mixing assembly at a time.The walking beam design of the output queue walks the tested cassettesto the back of the output queue.

The mixer assembly 880, which does not form any part of the presentinvention, may be any mechanism suitable for grasping selectively one ofthe sample tubes 876 from a tubeholding device such as a cassette 865,reading the bar code associated with that selected sample tube, andagitating the selected sample tube 876 and causing the automatic samplerneedle 805 to penetrate through the elastomeric seal to aspirate asample.Alternate autosampler mechanisms also can be used, such as thebandolier system of the Bayer H*3 Systems instrument and the mechanismsused in the Commercial Coulter STKS instrument, and the robotic arm usedin the TOA instruments.

It should be understood that the flow cytometer instrument of thepresent invention is a relatively compact instrument as compared to itsprior art devices. It is suitable for use on a table top and it requiresonly a computer work station electronically coupled to the instrument,and a small space on the floor for a waste container and a bulk supplyof sheathfluid. The other fluids that are used in the flow cytometerinstrument may be conveniently stored in reagent packs which insert intoarea 824 of the instrument under the straw assembly (See FIG. 40).

Preferably, the reagent packs have predetermined volumes with a nestingor interfitting design so that they may be banded together, e.g., with astrap of cardboard or plastic, and transported, installed and extractedfrom the machine at the same time. The predetermined volumes and size ofthe reagent pack containers are calculated so that, when all of the testcapacity of the instrument are used, the supply of reagents will becomedepleted at approximately the same time. Thus, the operator canconveniently replace a full set of reagent packs with a fresh set ofreagents.

In the case that the instrument is provided with test selectivity, asdisclosed herein, it may be necessary to provide separate reagent packscorresponding to the combinations of selectable tests, or alternately toseparate the reagent packs and use containers that are separatelyreplaceable. In this regard the instrument is provided with an operatorinput panel which contains various switches and display indicators.These switches enable the operator to commence operation or to interruptan existing automatic operation to perform a stat sample test.Alternatively,the operator may control operation through a workstationcoupled to the instrument, which permits running preprogrammed tests ortest sequences automatically.

Having described the mechanical, hydraulic, and assembly of the hardwareofthe flow cytometer, the following description concerns the electronicsand control over the instrument for performing the desired analysis. Itshouldbe understood that, although in the preferred mode the instrumentis used for analyzing human blood, it also may be used for analyzingblood of other living creatures, as well as non-blood samples havingparticulates therein which react with particular reagents (fluorescentor non-fluorescent) to obtain unique light absorption and scatterpatterns that permit segregating, quantifying, or analyzing one or moresubpopulations of the sample, and preferably identifying theparticulates therein.

II. ELECTRONICS

A. An Overview

FIGS. 11A-11E are simplified block diagrams which illustrate theelectronics architecture 101 of an embodiment of the invention. In FIG.11A, a workstation 103 is connected to an analytic instrument controller105 and also may be connected to various other peripherals such as aprinter or modem (not shown). The workstation 103 may also be connectedtoadditional instruments controllers and workstations. It iscontemplated that the workstation 103 comprises an IBM-compatiblepersonal computer or equivalent (a WINDOWS 95 or WINDOWS NT brandoperating system (Microsoft Trademarks) may be used) having a centralprocessing unit at least as powerful as a 486-type microprocessor andadequate memory, a color monitorand a keyboard and mouse for use by anoperator. The workstation 103 is preferably connected to an AnalyticInstrument Controller 105 via an Ethernet 106.

The Analytic Instrument Controller 105 comprises a 386 CPU and memory107 connected to the Ethernet 106, to an external flash memory 109, to amanual identification reader device 104, which may be a barcode readerviaan RS232 port 176, to an analyzer/sampler RS 232 port 110, to aControl Area Network bus (CANBUS) interface 112, and to a DataAcquisition Interface Board (DATAC IB) 114. The DATAC IB 114 isconnected to a Data Acquisition Board ("DATAC") 115 which processessignals generated by the peroxidase (Perox) optics assembly 116 and theRBC optics assembly 117. Power is supplied to the workstation 103,Analytic Instruments Controller 105 and the DATAC 115 from the powersupply circuit 200 illustrated in FIG. 11E, which is explained below.

The CANBUS interface 112 of the Analytic Instrument Controller 105 isconnected to a CANBUS scrambler 120 shown in FIG. 11B. The CANBUSscrambler 120 provides the cable connections from the AnalyticInstrument Controller 105 to the various nodes, which are explainedbelow. Referring to FIGS. 11B and 11C, it can be seen that the CANBUSconnects the AnalyticInstrument Controller 105 to a plurality of Nodes.In b particular, in FIG.11B, the CANBUS is connected to the hemoglobinnode (HGB node) 122, the Switch Indicator Node 124, and the Pressure andSwitch Node 126. The HGB node 122 is part of the HGB calorimeter 121 andis connected to a HBG power supply and pre-amplifier circuit board 123.The Switch Indicator Node 124 is connected to a control panel 125 and tothe switch and displaylight assembly 127. The Pressure and Switch Node126 is connected to the universal rinse assembly 129, the waste jugassembly 128 and the pneumatic/compressor assembly 130A. Power issupplied to the CANBUS scrambler 120, the HBG Colorimeter 121, theSwitch Indicator Node 124 and the pneumatic/compressor assembly 130A bythe power supply circuit 200 of FIG. 11E.

Referring to FIG. 11C, the CANBUS is connected to Motor Driver Nodes132, 134, 136 and 138, which are connected to the RBC Optics sample pump133, RBC Optics sheath pump 135, PEROX sample pump 137 and PEROX sheathpump 139 respectively. The CANBUS is also connected to the Parallel Node140, which is connected to the Aspirate and Selector Valve assembly 142,the sample Shear Valve assembly 144, the PEROX reaction chamber assembly146, and the BASO reaction chamber assembly 148. The CANBUS is alsoconnected to two Valve Driver Nodes 150, 160. The first Valve DriverNode (node 1) 150 is connected through a scrambler 151A to the variouscomponents comprising the Unified Fluid Circuit (UFC) which is discussedelsewhere, including the sample shear valve 152, the Unified FlowCircuit Assembly 153, the Conductivity Detector 154, the PEROX heater155 and the BASO heater 156. The second Valve Driver Node (node 2) 160is connected throughscrambler 161A to several valves located in both theRBC Optics assembly 117 and the PEROX Optics assembly 116. In addition,the second valve driver node 160 is connected through scrambler 162 to aplurality of valves in the Pneumatic Control Assembly 163.

FIG. 11D is a simplified block diagram of the electronic connections foranAutosampler 818 which may be coupled to the flow cytometer of theinvention. A Microcontroller Board 166 is connected to the AnalyticInstrument Controller 105 of FIG. 11A through an analyzer/sampler RS232interface 168. A CPU and EPROM memory circuit 179 is connected to theRS232 interface 168, and is connected to a watchdog timer 172A, a powersupervisory circuit 174A, and a bar code reader interface 176A whichconnects the Microcontroller Board 166 to a bar code reader 178A. TheMicrocontroller Board 166 is further connected to a custom designedDaughter Board 180 via an ISBX Expansion Port 182. The Daughter Boardcomprises the ISBX Expansion Port 182 connected to a Diagnostic RS232Interface 183, a Mechanism and Rack Position Sensor Interface 184, a carand Mixer Stepper Motion Control Drive 181, a Queue Feed Motion Controland Drive 189 and an Air Actuator Control and Drive 190A. Connected totheDaughter Board 180 are the Rack Mechanism 192A, the car and MixerMechanism194, the Feed Mechanism 196A, the Air Actuator Mechanism 198Aand a SamplerDiagnostic Port 199A. Power is supplied to the Autosampler818 by the powersupply circuit 200 of FIG. 11E.

FIG. 11E is an embodiment of a power supply circuit 200 suitable for usewith the apparatus of the invention. The power supply circuit 200advantageously utilizes linear power supplies which avoids the use ofswitched power supplies. Linear supplies are less expensive thanswitched supplies, and generate less noise in the system. Noise from thepower supply must be kept to a minimum so that the signals generated asa resultof the optical analysis of the blood samples are not corruptedby such noise. The alternating current (A/C) power comes into a RFIfilter assembly 202, which includes fuses F1, F2, and main powerinterrupting switch S1, and provides the A/C outlets 203 for use by theworkstation 103components, such as the computer and monitor. The RFIassembly 202 providesa system ground and also provides protection fromtransient voltage spikes,power supply fuses, and voltage selectorprogramming switches (not shown). Zero Crossover Switch 204A is used forturning the system on and off, and an AC to DC linear power supply 205A,provides 5 volts at 3 amps for use by such components as the HGB lamp,front panel switch and other display control components. The ZeroCrossover switch 204A is connected to AC to DC convertor power supplies206, 207 and 208. Power is supplied directly from the Zero CrossoverSwitch 204A to an isolation transformer which is used to supply thepneumatics module 126 via line J3. The power supply 206supplies 24 voltsDC at 12 amps to the fans, solenoids, heating baths, dryers and motorsof the apparatus. The fans (not shown) for the system are mounted belowthe power supply 200 and the other components comprisingthe invention,and thus provide forced air cooling for the entire system. The powersupply 207 supplies ±12 Volts DC at 1.7 amp to the sampler, heater andcommunication components. The power supply 207 also provides 5 Volts DCat 12 amps for the sampler and system logic processing components. Thepower supply 208 provides 5 Volts DC at 6 amps for the Peroxidase opticslamp. Power supply 208 also supplies ±15 Volts DC at 15 amps for the HGBColorimeter 121, DATAC 115, reference channel illumination assembly andthe RBC Optics assembly 117. Other components, not mentioned immediatelyabove, also receive power from the power supply circuit 200 as needed.

The Switch Indicator and Voltage Node 124 is located in the Power Module200 and is connected to the system controller 107 (shown in FIG. 11A asincluding a CPU and associated memory devices). The system controller107 monitors each power supply through the Switch Indicator Node 124 toensurethat the voltage levels are within preset tolerance limits. If aproblem isdetected, an alerting signal can be generated for display atthe workstation 103 to notify the operator. In addition, temperaturesensors monitor Power Module 200 air temperature and the system ambienttemperature which can be displayed at the Workstation 103.

Now that an overview of the electronics architecture of the apparatushas been presented, detailed descriptions of certain components follow.

B. The Workstation

FIG. 12 is a simplified block diagram of the two major subsystems of theapparatus in accordance with the present invention, the AnalyticalSubsystem 250 and the Workstation Subsystem 103. The Workstation 103comprises an IBM compatible PC 102 having a color monitor 108 andkeyboard111, which is connected to a printer 113 and to the AnalyticInstrument Controller 105 via an Ethernet connection using the TCP/IPprotocol. The workstation may have floppy, hard disk and CD-ROM drives,and a mouse. TheAnalytical Subsystem 250 comprises the AnalyticInstrument Controller 105, the Autosampler 165 and the Data Acquisitionboard 115.

The Workstation 103 contains software to initiate testing of bloodsamples,process the resulting test data and graphically present theresults. It also may be coupled to a network for interworkstationcommunications. The software to enable the electronic circuitry and theelectromechanical devices of the submodule 250, to analyze samples andgenerate test data tobe processed, may be downloaded from workstation103.

Regarding the analytical submodule 250, it is a collection of hardwareand software that together control and monitor the hydraulic hardware,the sampler 818 and communicate with an instrument workstation 103. Thecontroller 105 executes a software routine on, e.g., an Intel 386 exprocessor. The architecture also includes an Ethernet and control areanetwork (CAN) cards, a PC104 bus, the DATAC board 115 and the "NUCLEUSPLUS" RTOS, which is available from Accelerated Technology Inc. A"loose" coupling mechanism is employed in the analytical submodulesoftware architecture to provide greater maintainability, portabilityand extensibility. IPC mechanisms are the only coupling between modules.In general, processes will block waiting for input. This input can comefrom the CANBUS, autosampler 818, the workstation 103, the barcodereader 178, 104, or from the expiration of internal timers.

The workstation 103 does not form a part of the present invention.However,it can be used with the present invention to provide greateruser flexibility and enhance the utility of the clinical hematologyinstrument disclosed herein. For example, some of the conventionalfunctions that might reside in the system controller 105 e.g., resetfunctions, and responding to operator input selections on the instrumentcontrol panel 125 (see FIG. 11B) to run one or a series of tests, can beoff loaded to the workstation to minimize the computational burden onthe analytic controller 105 CPU 107. Thus, the workstation 103 may be amore powerful machine, such as a 486 DX 66 MHz CPU or a Pentium classCPU. In this context, the workstation PC 103 can be configured toexecute a "start-up" procedure which launches all requiredsystem-critical processes, initializes key system attributes, presentsthe main system menus on the workstation display (thus avoiding the needfor a dedicated display for the system controller 105), provides a cleansystem shutdown, allows for the ability to configure systeminitialization in terms of: (i) on-line (connected to an instrument) oroff-line operation (e.g., operating on data on a disk); (ii) selectingthe system critical modules to launch at startup; and (iii) selectingother modules to launch at start-up.

The workstation also carries out all processing required on the rawdigitaldata received from the analytic instrument controller 105 DATAC115, and completes all required data analysis, determined by the sampleanalytical mode, e.g., CDC, CBC/DIFF, etc. Thus, the workstation 103stores, preferably in compressed form, the raw data as it was received,issues theanalytical results to a "results" storage mechanism (memory,Floppy, paper printout) and issues the analytical results to a RunScreen (visual display). Preferably, the workstation also contains datamanagement processing software for operating on the acquired datapost-acquisition.

Another function that the workstation 103 can perform is as the centralarbitration and messages issuing point to the analytic submodule 250. Ithandles the issuing of message to the submodule 25 as required by otherapplications/processes and receives back the status of submodule 250.Sucha workstation 103 may connect to the submodule 250 over 2unidirectional "sockets," one for the issuing of control messages andthe other for the reception of status and error messages.

Regarding worklists, work-orders and controlling the running of sampletests, the Workstation 103 may be responsible for ensuring that theselectivity (or more correctly the analytical mode) and the headerinformation (ID, date, time, Sample type, Species, etc.) are selected onaper sample basis as required by the user. It can locate the requiredinformation from a user-defined Worklist (if one is active), or RunControl user interrupt screen (if it is active and contains the requiredinformation), or from a default setting. Thus, the workstation canreceivea notification that a sample is about to be processed and reactto this by issuing the required analytical mode and header informationfrom the pertinent source; when running in a Bar code reading mode(either via the Manual IDEE Reader 104 or via the AutoSampler bar codereader), receive the Bar Code data and update the Run Control screenaccordingly; and when running in a Worklist mode, to issue the pertinentsample data as retrieved from the worklist database to the analyticsubmodule 250 and to issue this same information to the Run Control userinterface.

At the start of a series of tests as initiated by the workstation 103,the System CPU 107 generates the commands to the various Nodes toacquire the raw data from the red blood cell (RBC) and platelet (PLT)(collectively, RBC/PLT), reticulocyte (RETIC), Hemoglobin (HGB),Peroxidase (PEROX) and Basophil (BASO) channels.

As the RBC/PLT and hemoglobin data are acquired they are converted fromanalog to digital form and loaded into a buffer in the System CPU 107.Theraw digitized data are checked for validity and, if valid,transferred to the workstation 103 for processing. At the end of thedata acquisition period, the accumulated RBC/PLT and HGB data areanalyzed by the workstation by the RBC/PLT, hemoglobin analysis programto calculate the RBC parameters and the platelet PLT and hemoglobin HGBparameters, and to generate the thresholds and graphics for the RBCCytogram and the graphicsfor the RBC Volume and PLT histograms.

Similarly, at the end of the perox data acquisition period, the validperoxdata transferred to the workstation are analyzed in the workstationby the white blood cell (WBC) analysis program to calculate the WBCparameters, and to generate the thresholds and graphics for the PEROXcytogram. The data from the Basophil channel transmitted to theworkstation are analyzedafter the peroxidase channel data by the WBCanalysis program. As in the other two channels, the Basophil data iscalculated and reported. The Lobularity Index is also calculated andreported, and the thresholds and graphics for the Baso/Lobularitycytogram are generated.

Reticulocyte samples also are automatically analyzed after beingtransmitted to the workstation. As the reticulocyte data are acquired,they are converted from the analog to digital form and loaded into abuffer and, if determined valid, transmitted to the workstation andstored. At the end of the data acquisition period, the reticulocyte datatransmitted to the workstation are analyzed by a RETIC analysis programtogenerate histograms, cytograms and thresholds, which are used todetermine the percentage of reticulocytes.

The color monitor 108 used by the system accepts screen data from theworkstation 103. The printer 113 is able to print out screen data andgraphics, for example, test results, statistical data, and graphics(cytograms, histograms), preferably in multiple colors.

It should be understood that the functions of the workstation could beintegrated into the system controller 105, although this is not believedto be desirable given the current state of data processing technologyand power.

C. The Data Acquisition Board

The DATAC board 115 shown in FIG. 11A processes signals generated fromthe flow cytometric light scattering tests to measure red cell count,volume and hemoglobin content, platelet count and volume. As explainedbriefly below, cell volumes and hemoglobin content are determined usinghigh angleand low angle light scattering techniques. The signalsgenerated from such tests are processed and then may be displayed on amonitor screen of the workstation 103 for review by an operator, orprinted out on a printer.

In particular, data are collected by the DATAC 115 for the low angle lowgain, high angle low gain, and absorption signals for each of a largenumber of cells comprising the sample set. A reticulocyte cytogrambefore pseudo-absorption correction is generated using the high anglescatter andabsorption data. An RBC cytogram is generated using the highangle scatter and low angle scatter data.

The Volume (V) and Hemoglobin Concentration (HC) is then calculated cellbycell using the low angle scatter and high angle scatter data. Thevalues found for V and HC are used to calculate the pseudo-absorptionfor each cell. The new cell data are used to regenerate the reticulocytecytogram.

The reticulocyte threshold, the upper coincidence threshold and thelower platelet threshold are calculated using high angle and absorptionhistograms. The RBC, reticulocytes and outliers are separated usingsoftware and threshold settings.

The system typically reports only the percentage of reticulocytes. Theabsolute reticulocyte count is found by matching sample IDEE (i.e., barcode) numbers and multiplying the percent reticulocyte count by the RBCcount found in the autocytochemistry results. These calculations areperformed by the workstation 103 based on the data provided by DATAC115.

FIG. 13 is a simplified block diagram of the input and outputconnections of the DATAC 115 of the invention. In particular, the DATAC115 receives blood test data in the form of analog signals from both thePeroxidase Optics assembly 116 and the RBC Optics assembly 117. Theseanalog signals are received at the DATAC 115 where, when appropriate,they are conditioned, amplified, digitized and fed into a buffer fordata collection.

The DATAC 115 is connected to the Data Acquisition Interface Board("DATAC IB") 114 of the Analytic Instrument Controller 105 via a 50 pinribbon cable. DATAC IB 114 has a PC/104 parallel bus which is compatiblewith PC/AT system architecture and is mapped into the standard DOS I/Oaddress space (OH-03FFH). Sixteen bi-directional data lines, sevenaddress lines and I/O Read, I/O Write and Reset control lines areprovided between the DATAC board 115 and the DATAC IB 114. The typicaltransfer rate to pass digital cell information to the System CPU 107 viathe DATAC IB PC/104 parallel bus is 80K bytes per second.

The DATAC 115 performs signal amplification, analog and digitalprocessing and test or diagnostic functions. The DATAC 115 is preferablyembodied in a board utilizing hybrid circuits and field programmablegate arrays (FPGAs) which convert analog signal inputs into digitaloutputs for further processing. Such circuitry reduces the size of theboard by combining discrete digital control circuit functions intosingle componentblocks. In addition, cabling requirements are reduced,and modular testableblocks and test injection ports are provided.

FIG. 14 is a simplified block diagram of a portion of the DATAC 115circuitry that is used for processing the signals and providing outputconcerning the RBC/RETIC and BASO blood tests performed by theapparatus. An optical bench 117 provides analog blood test signals fromthe laser diode 131 not shown in FIG. 14) over four channels. The signalpulses provided by the four channels are, respectively, an Absorptionreference (AR) signal (Channel 4), a Scatter Low Angle (SLA) signal(Channel 2), a Scatter High Angle (SHA) signal (Channel 1), and a RETICAbsorption (RA) signal (Channel 3). The circuitry demarcated by dottedline 1300 processesthe analog signals from the four channels to producethe RBC and RETIC blood analysis results. The analog signals, which arelow gain signals as discussed below, are input to amplifiers 1302, theninto hybrid circuits 1304, comparators 1306 and FPGA 1308 for RBC/RETICblood analysis processing. The hybrid circuits 1304 include analogdivider circuitry, analog gain control circuitry, variable gainamplifiers, DC restoration amplifiers and peak-detecting circuitry. Theanalog gain control circuitryis used in part to nullify variations inthe energy of the optical channel illumination source ratiometrically.It should be understood that the hybrids 1304 may actually include thecomparator 1306 (shown separately inFIG. 14 for clarity) and perform thedigital conversion of the peak-detected analog signed under the controlof the FPGA 1308 and in response to the ramp generator 1312, asdescribed in further detail below.FPGA 1308 includes logic sequencercircuitry, pulse height analyzer circuitry and control logic circuitryto calculate variables such as cell dead time and valid cell count. Somegeneral background on the red blood cell (RBC) and reticulocyte (RETIC)blood tests follows immediately below.

Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells that still contain RNA. Theyareoften larger than mature red blood cells (RBCs). In the presentinvention, reticulocyte samples are chemically treated with a reagenton-line in a RBC channel. The reticulocyte reagent volumetricallyspheres all RBCs and then stains the RNA in the reticulocytes. Seecommonly owned U.S. Pat. No.5,350,695 (Collella et al.) which describesa suitable reagent and methodology permitting the on-line incubation andwhich is incorporated herein by reference. Reticulocytes are determinedin two phases. Phase oneis by measuring the light absorption of thecells and phase two is by software which discriminates between RBCs andreticulocytes.

The RBCs and reticulocytes that pass through the flow cell 110 (notshown in FIG. 14) scatter light at low and high angles, and the stainedreticulocytes also absorb a percentage of the light. The scattered lightsignals are detected by photodiodes on a single printed circuit board.Thepercentage of light absorbed, and light scattered at too great of anangle for the optics to collect (pseudo-absorption) are detected by anRETIC Absorption photodiode as described elsewhere herein.

Referring again to FIG. 14, the signal amplitude in the scatter lowangle low gain channel (channel 2) must be greater than 0.6 volts to beconsidered a valid cell. If the signal from the low angle low gainchannel2 meets the first criteria for a valid cell, it is checked againin FPGA circuit 308 to determine if the pulse width is between 2-80microseconds. A ramp generator 1312 provides a ramp signal, as part ofthe digital conversion process, for ten microseconds to convertsimultaneously the four peak detected signals. If the pulse width iswithin the specified limits, and the first criterion is also true, thenthe signal is classified as a valid cell signal and the resultant analogsignals produced by channels 1, 2, 3 and 4 for the same cell-laser beaminteraction are converted to digital words and stored in FIFO buffers1310. A control logic circuit 1314 controls the release of data from theFIFOs 1310 to the analytic instrument controller 105 via the DATAC IB114 (see FIG. 11A). Light source adjustment circuit 1318 provides aconstant gain setting to the denominator of the analog divider insidethe hybrids 1304 so that any change in the light source is equallyexperienced by the numerator and denominator of the hybrid divider(s),and therefore providesa normal cell pulse signal from the dividers. Moregenerally, it provides for computer setting of the automatic gaincontrol voltage to the hybrids 1304. It is one of the achievements ofthe present invention that the use of potentiometers and other devicesrequiring manual adjustment for calibration the electronics, which areused in prior art instruments, are avoided.

During the RBC/RETIC testing period, a computer program performscoincidence correction to trim and transform the cytogram data into RBCvolume and hemoglobin concentration histograms. The high angle, highgain data are used to form a platelet volume histogram. The histogramsare usedto calculate cell size parameters. The RBC/RETIC ratio, togetherwith the dead time and valid cell counts, are used to calculate thepercent RETIC count and RETIC indices. After the test signals areprocessed, an operatorcan view all the blood test results on the monitorof workstation 103.

FIG. 14 also depicts the BASO blood test signal acquisition circuitrywhichprocesses the signals from channels 1 and 2. The separation of thebaso/lobularity cytogram into distinct clusters is performed by softwareand fixed thresholds. The Basophils are relatively large and scattermore light in the direction of the low angle scatter detector. Thepolymorphonuclear (PMNs) separate from the mononuclear (MNs) cells byscattering more light in the direction of high angle scatter detector.Theratio of PMNs and Mns are used in a lobularity index (LI). Inparticular, the SHA and SLA signals are input to their respective hybridcircuits 1304, and then into comparators 1306 and FPGA 1308 aspreviously described, but used in this case for the BASO processing. Thedata from the other channels 3 and 4 are not used in the BASOdetermination. A feedback signal from FPGA 1308 through ramp generator1312 is used by the comparators 1306 for the digitization. The signalamplitude of the SHA, scatter high angle gain signal (channel 1), mustbe greater than 0.6 voltsto be considered a valid cell. If the SHAsignal from channel 1 meets the first criteria for a valid cell, it ischecked again in FPGA 1308 to determine if the pulse width is between2-80 μsec. If the pulse width is within the specified limits, and theamplitude is greater than 0.6 volts, then the signal is classified as avalid cell signal and the analogsignals are peak-detected and convertedto digital words and stored in the corresponding FIFO buffers 1310.

Control logic circuit 1314 controls the release of data from the FIFOs1310to the analytical instrument controller 105 via the DATAC IB 114.The data collected from the low and high angle detectors are then usedto form a cytogram, which can be viewed by an operator at theworkstation 103. Preferably, BASO signal acquisition circuitry is on thesame printed circuit board as the RBC/RETIC circuitry 1300. However, aseparate circuitboard with a parallel set of hybrid and FPGA circuitsalso could be used.

Referring to FIG. 16, a functional schematic drawing of the inputsection of DATAC 115 including the hybrids 1304 of FIG. 14 is shown.Each input channel is provided with an automatic gain control circuit304b which typically performs a divider operation on the analog signal.The magnitudeof the division function is controlled by a master gaincontrol circuit 304a. Other automatic gain control circuits may also beused. The analog switches 302a are used to control the selection anddirection of the four possible low gain input signals through DATAC 115for deriving the different output analog signals to be input to the fourcomparators 1306, as follows: the high angle scatter RBC or BASO analogsignal to comparator306a, the platelet analog signal to comparator 306b,the low angle scatter RBC or BASO analog signal to comparator 306c andthe RETIC analog signal to comparator 306d. Although not shown in FIGS.14 or 16, a D.C. voltage restoration circuit for each a.c. coupledanalog signal is used, preferably at the input to the comparators 1306.See, e.g., the similar circuits in the PEROX signal processing circuitsin FIG. 17.

Subtraction circuitry 302d is used to derive the RETIC signal usingconventional differential subtraction techniques, as are well known.Analog switch 302c is used to select passage of one of the low anglehigh gain signal and the RETIC signal through the corresponding dividercircuit304b.

The test generator control circuit 301a is used to operate the testgenerator circuit 301b, which produces predetermined valid analogsignals into the DATAC 115 inputs (bypassing only the photodetectors),to perform diagnostic and troubleshooting tests on the data acquisitionand signal processing equipment. This on-board test signal injectionuses known pulsewidth, pulse height and duty cycle signals to test thesystem integrity anddiagnose malfunctions, as well as to calibrate theinstrument automatically. For example, the system controller 105 or theworkstation 103 can be programmed to perform maintenance checks on theelectronics at particular times or time intervals, e.g., start up orreset, to actuate the test generator control circuit 301a andappropriate analog switches toverify proper operation. Preferably, italso can be "manually" activated, for example, during a field serviceinspection or operator initiation. In this regard, the test signalamplitude can be used to conduct unsaturated testing of all analogsystem components. Further, synchronization of test signals allowsdigitizing, counting and displaying pulse pairs on a monitor. The testsystem is disabled during normal operation.

FIG. 15 is a simplified block diagram of a Peroxidase Analog channelarchitecture 1335. The PEROX Optics Assembly 116 generates two signals,a low gain scatter signal CH1 and high gain absorption signal CH4, whichareinput to hybrids 1342 and 1347, respectively. The high gain scattersignal from channel 1 is fed to a hybrid amplifier 338, is fed to ahybrid circuit 1342, then to comparator 1344 and into FPGA circuit 1346.Similarly, the high gain absorption signal from channel 4 is fed tohybridcircuit 1347, then to comparator 1349 and into FPGA circuit 1346.The comparators 1344 and 1349 each have a second input from rampgenerator 1348, which is controlled by the FPGA circuit 1346. During thePEROX analysis period, the signal amplitude in the scatter channel mustbe greater than 0.6 volts to be considered a valid cell signal. As inthe RBC/PLT, RETIC and BASO data acquisition channels, the signal ischecked again to determine if it meets the valid cell criteria of apulse width between 2-80 μsec. If it does, the analog pulses in thescatter and absorption channels (X and Y) are peak-detected, convertedinto digital words and stored in FIFO buffers 1350 and 1352. The controllogic circuit 354 controls the release of the data signals stored in theFIFOs to the analytic instrument controller 105, as shown in FIG. 14,which are then used to form a PEROX cytogram. The signal pulses in thescatter channel are also measured by a dead time counter and the pulsewidths are checked to determine if the signals should be counted by thevalid cell counter.

Referring to FIG. 17, further details of portions of the PEROX channelof FIG. 15 are shown. Similar to the RBC/BASO circuit of FIG. 16, thePEROX channel also includes analog switches 302a, which in this case canselect between on the one hand the high gain scatter input of CH1 andthe high gain absorption input of CH4 and on the other hand the testpulses output by test generator 301b (under the control of testgenerator control 301a).The PEROX channel also includes automatic gaincontrol circuit 304a and thedivider circuits 304b, which respectivelyprovide automatic gain control for the two analog signal channels CH1and CH4, using a division functionality. Again, alternate automatic gaincontrol circuits could be used.

At the output of the automatic gain control, the analog signals areinput to attenuator circuits 304c which provides a programmable gain inthe range of from 0 to 1 and to an amplifier circuit 304d, whichprovides a gain of 5 and dc restoration of the ac coupled analogsignals. The attenuator circuits 304c are operated by the systemcontroller 107 to select the calibration of the gains in these analogchannels. The output of each amplifier circuit 304d is provided to peakdetection circuitry andseparately to the comparator 1344. Thecomparators 1344 provide the 0.6v threshold used to discriminatepotentially valid pulses as described elsewhere. The peak-detectorsacquire the peak value, pending the responseto the FPGA 1346 confirmingthat the signal is from a valid pulse.

It should be understood that the same attenuator and amplifier circuits304c and 304d are used, although not shown, in the hybrids 1304 of theRBC/BASO/RETIC circuit illustrated in FIGS. 14 and 16.

Referring now to FIG. 17, a state diagram of the FPGA 1308, theoperation of the "sequencer" portion of the FPGA 1308 in the DATAC 115is now described. The Sequencer has the following defined inputs andoutputs:

    ______________________________________                                        INPUTS        DEFINITIONS/COMMENTS                                            ______________________________________                                        I15 . . . RESET   issued by Analytical Instrument                                               Controller 105                                              I10 . . . CELL    issued by one of the four Hybrids 1304                                        (software selectable)                                       I9  . . . FIFO FULL                                                                             issued by any of the four FIFOs 1310 when                                     one of its memory is full                                   I6  . . . COUNTER MSD                                                                           Upper byte of internal 8bit counter                         I3  . . . COUNTER LSD                                                                           Lower byte of internal 8bit counter                         ______________________________________                                    

The state operation is as follows. Upon "boot-up," the AnalyticalInstrument Controller 105 issues a reset command and puts the sequencerand its outputs into the RESET STATE(3F). While in the RESET STATE, iftheCELL(I10) pulse is low, the sequencer moves to STATE 0 and waits forthe leading edge of the CELL(I10) pulse to arrive.

As the leading edge of the CELL(I10) pulse enters the FPGA 1308, a logic0 Dump(F0) signal is issued to the Hybrids 1304 and a logic 1 CounterLoad(F5) signal is issued to the FPGA 1308 internal counter as thesequencer moves to STATE 1. The Dump(F0) signal enables the peakdetector stages in each Hybrid 1304 to charge to the peak value of theanalog inputpulse and the Disable(F5) signal initializes the internalcounters to zero.

As the trailing edge of the CELL(I10) enters the FPGA 1308, it is testedtodetermine if the duration of the signal is greater than 2 microsecondsand less than 80 microseconds. This is accomplished in STATE 1 throughSTATE 5. While in STATE 1, if the CELL (I10) pulse goes low (i.e., pulseis lessthan 2 microseconds) the sequencer moves to STATE C and issues alogic 1 Dump(F0) signal to stop the charging of the peak detectedsignal. While inSTATE C, the counters are initialized back to zero andthe sequencer waits for a hexadecimal count of 0A hex (i.e., MSD=0 &LSD=A), which equates to 1 microsecond, before the sequencer moves tothe RESET STATE (3F) with itsoutputs in the known reset condition. Ifthe sequencer moves all the way toSTATE 5 and the CELL(I10) pulse hasnot gone low, then the pulse is greaterthan 80 μsec and the sequencermoves to STATE C in the aforementioned manner and waits for anotherCELL(I10) pulse.

If at any time the CELL(I10) pulse goes low between STATES 1 and 5(i.e., the cell meets the criteria for a valid cell), a logic 1Disable(F1) and alogic 0 Counter Load(F5) signals are issued, and thesequencer moves to STATE 6.

While in STATE 6, the counters are initialized to zero and a logic 1Ramp Enable(F2) signal is issued to the Ramp Gen 1312. This signal tothe Ramp Gen 1312 starts a 0 to 10 volt linear ramp. After counting for0.2 μsecfor stabilization of the linear ramp, the sequencer moves toSTATE 7 where its counters are again initialized to zero. The linearramp, which builds at the input of a comparator inside the Hybrid 1304,is compared with the peak amplitude voltage of the analog input signal.Once the ramp slightly exceeds the peak amplitude voltage, thecomparator output switches state. It is the duration of the output fromthe comparator that is equivalent tothe peak amplitude analog signal,thereby performing the A/D conversion. During this period that the Rampis building at the comparator, the counters are clocking its time at 10MHz, and the value is being latched into its respective internal 8-bitlatch inside the FPGA 1308.

After the Ramp has been enabled for 10 μsec, a logic 1 CounterEnable(F6) is issued to disable the internal counters, a logic 0Comparator Clear(F4) is issued to the comparator inside the FPGA 1308,andthe sequencer moves to STATE E. The Comparator Clear signal is issuedsimultaneously with the Counter Enable signal to prepare the DATAC 115forthe another A/D converter cycle.

While in STATE E, if any one of the FIFO buffers 1310 memory is filled,thesequencer moves to STATE D, where it disables the internal countersand waits for the Analytical Instrument Controller 105 to start readingthe FIFOs. When the FIFO memories are emptied, the sequencer moves toSTATE 9 where it can begin to store the latched peak detected amplitudesignal into its respective FIFO 310.

When the sequencer moves to STATE E and detects that the FIFO memory isnotfull, the counters are disabled and the sequencer moves to STATE 9.In STATE 9, the counters are initialized to zero and 0.1 μsec later thesequencer issues a logic 1 Dump(F0) signal to the Hybrid 1304 to enablethe peak detector stages, a logic 0 Ramp Enable(F2) signal to turn offtheconversion ramp, a logic 0 FIFO Write(F3) signal to the FIFO 310which stores the latched converted data inside the FIFO memory, and thesequencer moves to STATE A.

STATE A holds the FIFO Write(F3) signal low for 0.3 μsec, and thenmovesto STATE B where it stops writing data to the FIFO 310. While inSTATE B, the sequencer waits for the charged peak detected stages outputsignal to drop to a 0 volt level before returning to the RESET STATE(3F), where thesequencer waits for another CELL(I10) pulse to convert.

As noted, the DATAC 115 board outputs a cell dead time signal, whichindicates the amount of time that the signal acquisition circuitry isbusyfor all signals that exceed the peak-detected 0.6v threshold, and avalid cell count signal, which is a count of pulses that satisfy the0.6v threshold and the 2-80 μsec pulse width test. DATAC 115 alsoprovides alight power signal, which provides a digital measure of theabsorption low gain analog signal and represents average power of theoptical source.

It should be understood that the PEROX optics bench 116 can beconstructed in the same manner as the RBC/RETIC/BASO optics bench 117,except that fewer optical components are needed and a different lightsource, namely, a tungsten lamp and illuminator assembly are used.Alternately, the PEROX optics bench used in the commercialized H*3Systems model clinical hematology instrument can be adapted for use inthe present invention. In an alternate embodiment, however, low gainamplifiers incorporating boot strap amplifiers may be used to transmitlow gain analog signals over channels 1 and 4 to amplifiers (not shown)which are preferably mounted aspart of the DATAC board 115. Indeed, inthis construction, the same circuits for processing the high anglescatter and the absorption reference signals of channels 1 and 4depicted in FIG. 20B can be used, thereby further minimizing the numberof circuits required.

The hemoglobin determination, which is discussed in more detail below inconnection with the HGB Node, is conventionally performedcalorimetricallyat 546 nanometers. Although it is not part of the DATAC115, it is briefly discussed here in the context of optical dataacquisition. For each measurement, a signal current that is directlyproportional to the light transmitted through the reaction vesselcontaining the reacted sample, reagent and diluent mixture is producedby a photodiode. The signal current is converted to a voltage and thenoutput to the analog to digitalconverter on the HGB Node 122 (FIG. 11B).The equivalent digital word is then output to the System CPU 107 in theAnalytic Instrument Controller 105 via the CANBUS (FIG. 11A). The CPU107 determines the hemoglobin concentration by the change in the lighttransmittance reading of the optical density readings. After each HGBmeasurement, a baseline referencesignal is monitored using a rinsesolution in the reaction vessel.

D. Laser Drive and RBC Detection Circuit Architecture

Referring to FIG. 19, the circuit structure for controlling theoperation of laser diode 131 and detecting the optical outputs providedfrom the redblood cell ("RBC") optics assembly 117 is illustrated. Theoptical signals are illustrated by double lines and the electricalconnections are conventionally illustrated by single lines. As isillustrated in FIG. 19, the output of the laser diode 131 passes intoand through the RBC optics assembly 117 and results in four opticalsignals coming out of the bench, as are described more specificallyelsewhere in the specification. The four optical signals are theabsorption reference AR, which is obtained upstream of the sample flowcell 110, and the scatter low angle SLA, the scatter high angle SHA, andthe reticulocyte ("RETIC") absorption RA, which are obtained downstreamof the flow cell 110. Each of these optical signals is separatelydetected by a photodetector, depicted as photodiodes224, 346, 345 and315, respectively. Each photodetector is preferably a light to currentpin diode detector, e.g., Hamamatsu pin silicon photodiode Model51223-01 (or 618-6081-01) or an equivalent. Each of thesedetector diodesis coupled across a low gain pre-amplifier 410, in an active bootstrapamplifier configuration and filtered, inverted, and buffered byrespective low gain amplifiers 420. The output of each amplifiers 420 isconsequently a low gain electronic signal. These four electrical outputsare respectively passed along relatively lengthy cables, e.g.,approximately 2 feet long, and input to the DATAC 115, for use inanalyzing the blood sample under examination.

In view of an object of the present invention being to improveconstructionand serviceability, the three detector diodes 346, 345 and315, along with their respective amplifiers 410 and 420, are mounted ona single printed circuit board 352 with the detector diodes disposed ina fixed prealigned manner with respect to the beam axis of the threeoptical signals SLA, SHAand RA. This avoids the problem of aligningthree separate circuit boards, as was done in prior art devices. It alsois advantageous because it reduces part count, simplifies theinterconnection of circuit board to themachine chassis, allows the useof more economical multiple discrete component integrated circuitpackages, and reduces real estate, cabling and power consumptionrequirements.

Because the absorption reference optical signal AR is obtained upstreamof the flow cell 110 at the other end of the RBC optics assembly 117, itis more convenient to locate detector 224 and its pre-amplifier 410 on aseparate printed circuit board 227, mounted directly to the opticsassembly base. However, as an alternative, it is possible to mountdetector 224 and its amplifier 410 on printed circuit board 352 and useanoptical fiber or mirrors (not shown) to conduct the optical signal ARto detector 224. Indeed, optical fibers could be used to couple lightfrom each of the optical inputs to the pin diode photo-detectorsconveniently mounted on a common printed circuit board.

Another advantage of the present invention is the omission of high gainamplifiers in the detector circuits (boards 227 and 352) such that onlyrelatively low gain electronic signals are passed along any significantcircuit length to high gain amplifiers. This structure avoids cross-talkinterference, which was a significant problem in the prior art devices,which had high gain signals transmitted over relatively long cables fromthe detector circuits to the signal processing board. It also aids inobtaining a higher bandwidth for the electronics.

Referring now to FIGS. 19 and 20, a preferred embodiment of amplifiers410 and 420 is illustrated for the scatter low angle detection circuit(channel 2). In this embodiment, amplifier 410 comprises two operationalamplifiers 411 and 412. Amplifier 411 is preferably a type 356operationalamplifier configured as a voltage follower for the photodiode346, having aunity gain. The photodetector 346 is connected in serieswith a capacitor 417, between the output and the noninverting input ofamplifier 411. Capacitor 417 is, e.g., a 0.22 μf capacitor. A resistor418 is connected between a +15 volt supply and the junction betweendetector 346 and capacitor 417. Resistor 418 is preferably 80.6KΩ.Amplifier 412 is preferably a model 357 operational amplifier having theinverting inputconnected to the anode of detector 346 and thenoninverting input connectedto ground. Amplifier 412 has a feedback loopincluding capacitor 413 and resistor 414 connected in parallel. Thecapacitor 413 is preferably 1.2 picofarad and resistor 414 is preferably301KΩ.

The output of amplifier 412 is passed across an RC filter network (notshown in FIG. 19) to the inverting input of amplifier 420, illustratedin FIG. 20 as amplifier 421. The RC filter includes resistors 422 and423 andcapacitor 424, preferably having values of 1KΩ, 1.87KΩ and 10 pf,respectively.

Amplifier 421 is preferably a model 357 operational amplifier and has afeedback loop including capacitor 427 in parallel with two seriesresistors 428 and 429. Capacitor 427 is preferably 1.2 pf, and resistors428 and 429 are each 20KΩ. The output of amplifier 421 is then passedacross a 100 Ω resistor 430, which provides the electrical scatter lowangle output signal, which is passed to the DATAC 115. This outputsignal can be passed over a cable a distance of approximately 2 feet,without suffering any significant degradation due to crosstalk fromother signals in the instrument. Each of the amplifiers 411, 412 and 421are provided with ±15 volt bias voltages, which are also coupled toground across 0.1 μf capacitors 431 as illustrated in FIG. 20.

The circuit for detecting the scatter high angle signal differs from thescatter low angle circuit detector only in that there is only one 20 kΩresistor in the feedback loop of amplifier 420.

The circuits for detecting the absorption and reference signals AR andRA are the same as the circuit for the scatter high angle detectioncircuit except that the +15 volt supply coupled to the voltage followeramplifier is changed to -15 volts, the polarity of the pin photodiode isreversed, and the RC filter network between amplifiers 411 and 412 isreplaced with a variable resistance RC network such that, with referenceto FIG. 21B, capacitor 424 is replaced with a 1.0 pf capacitor, resistor422 is replaced with a 10KΩ resistor, and resistor 423 is replaced witha 50KΩ potentiometer. The difference in the polarity of the voltagesupply is to account for the fact that the scatter low and high angledetect dark field absorption, whereas the absorption and referencedetectors detect bright (light) field absorption. The 50KΩ potentiometeris used to provide a variable gain to the preamplifier 420 for thebright field absorption signals.

The structure of the detection circuits is to provide a pulse heightoutputcorresponding to the detection of a particle, such that low andhigh angle scatter produces a positive pulse of from 0.5 to 1.5 voltspeak amplitude,and a signal pulse width of, for example, 10 microseconds(assuming a nominal flow of cells through the flow cell 110 at a rate ofapproximately2 meters per second). In contrast, the absorption referenceand RETIC absorption have an adjustable gain to produce positive goingpulse of approximately 1.5 volts peak amplitude at a nominal pulse widthof 5-7 μsec.

A circuit for driving a laser diode 131 depicted in FIG. 19 as board 140isshown in detail in FIG. 21. The laser diode 131 has a case terminalT₁which is connected to the common ground return, a current outputterminal T₂, and a drive current output terminal T₃. The driver circuitis connected between terminals T₂ and T₃. A suitable laser diode131 isthe Toshiba Model No. TOLD9225(S).

The laser diode driver circuit includes operational amplifier 441, atransistor 442, a regulated -5 volt source 443, a +2.4 volt reference445,and ±15 volt reference voltage supplies. The amplifier 441 ispreferablya model 356 operational amplifier having at its invertinginput the sum of three signals: first, a signal from terminal T₂ oflaser diode LD passed across a resistor 444, a 200 ohm resistor; second,a feedback signal from the amplifier 441 output; and third, a signalfrom a referencevoltage 445 which is passed across a potentiometer 446.Preferably, the potentiometer 446 provides a 300 Ω to 600 Ω resistancerange, and the reference voltage 445 is +2.4 volts DC. The non-invertinginput ofamplifier 441 is connected to ground.

The output of amplifier 441 is input to the base of transistor 442 whichispreferably a model 2222A transistor. The collector of transistor 442is coupled to the drive current output terminal T₃ of laser diode 131across a 10Ω resistor 447. The voltage V_(CM) sensed across resistor 447is a voltage that is a proportional to the laser diode drive currentI_(L). The emitter of transistor 442 is coupled to the invertinginput ofamplifier 441 across a timing circuit, preferably an R-C networkincluding capacitor 448 and resistor 449 connected in parallel. Thetimingcircuit provides the amplifier with a fast response time, forexample, a maximum of one microsecond. This response time corresponds toa minimum bandwidth of at least 350 Khz so as to reduce the sensitivityof the RBC channel parameters to the velocity of the sheath flow in theflow cell, and to provide increase sampling throughput capabilities. Ina preferred embodiment, the values of capacitor 448 and resistor 449 areselected to be 100 pf and 568Ω, respectively.

The emitter of transistor 442 also is connected to a drive voltagesource 443 of -5 volts across a resistor 450. Resister 450 is, forexample, 10Ω. The resistors used in the circuit are preferablywell-matched, thermally tracking resistors having a 1% accuracy limit.

In accordance with the present invention, the power output of the laserdiode 131 can be easily controlled by varying the potentiometer 446 toadjust the laser diode current I_(L). As noted, the diode current I_(L)is monitored by tracking the voltage V_(CM) across the resistor 447 inthe collector of transistor 442. The diode current is then controlled bytransistor 442, the output of which is fed back to the inverting inputof amplifier 441. Advantageously, because the transistor 442 is in thefeedback loop of the operational amplifier 441, it operates independentof the driver circuit component variations and is controlled by theoperational amplifier output. Relative to the known prior art designs,the laser diode driver circuit of the present invention providesimproved longevity (discussed below) and response time (bandwidth),namelyfaster control over the operation of the laser. Advantageously,the laser driver circuit 149 also uses a minimal number of parts andprovides an extremely stable operation in a linear mode. As a result,there is substantially no saturation or non-linear operation of thetransistor 442.The driver circuit also provides improved balance controlbecause it operates in a fixed linear mode, and provides bandwidthcontrol by selecting the time constant of the values of resistor 449 andcapacitor 448 of the RC network in the feedback loop. This results in agreater sample throughput potential.

The laser diode driver circuit 149 and the laser diode 131 can beadvantageously mounted on a single printed circuit board, which providesthree basic functions. One is to provide a steady state current to drivethe laser diode 131. A second function is to generate a dynamic feedbackloop to maintain the laser diode 131 in a constant power mode. The thirdfunction is to detect, and to indicate, the status of the upper limit ofthe laser diode current I.sub. L by monitoring a voltage V_(CM)representative of the current I_(L). Preferably, adjusts are providedonthe printed circuit board 149 for setting the laser diode drivecurrent I_(L) by adjusting potentiometer 446, and a similarpotentiometer (not shown in FIG. 21) for setting the threshold for thedrive current I_(L) upper limit for use in monitoring the voltage (notshown in FIG. 19). Although a manually adjustable potentiometer 446 isshown as an exemplary device, a digitally controlled variable resistancedevice could also be used so that the resistance can be controlled by amicroprocessor executing suitable software instructions. Advantageously,the circuit illustrated in FIG. 21 can be constructed using surfacemount components and potentiometer installed on one side of a 1.5"×1.5"printed circuit board.

Considering FIGS. 21 and 22, the laser driver circuit and its powersupplies operate in a manner to protect the laser diode 131 from turningon during current transients. Accordingly, the laser diode drive voltagesource 443 is provided with a turn-on, soft-start delay time of, forexample, 0.5 to 1.0 second, relative to the other dc supply voltagespowering the diode driver circuit, namely, the +15, -15 and +2.4 voltsupplies. Such operation improves the longevity of the laser diode 131.

Referring to FIG. 22, the turn-on, soft start delayed -5 volt referencevoltage 443 is obtained using a conversion circuit coupled to the +15and -15 volt supplies. This conversion circuit includes a soft startcircuit 452, a filter circuit 453, a 5 volt regulator 454, and a filtercircuit 455. The output of filter circuit 455 is the -5 volt supply 443that is turn-on, soft-start delayed. The turn-on delay is typically setat 0.5 to 1.0 second, relative to the other DC supply and referencevoltages. Other times may be used.

The soft start circuit 452 is preferably a circuit that delays theprovision of the input signal to the voltage regulator 454. The circuitincludes two cascaded transistors 457 and 458, each a model 2N2905transistor, such that the -15 volt supply, when switched into thecircuit at switch 459, operates to turn on transistors 457 and 458 witha delay caused by the RC network of capacitor 460 in parallel withcapacitor 461 and in series with resistor 462. Resistor 462 is connectedbetween the base and collector of transistor 457. The other end of thecapacitors 460 and 461 are connected to the common ground return.Capacitor 460 may be 0.1 μf, capacitor 461 may be 2.2 μf (10%, 35vrated), and resistor 462 may be 100KΩ. The RC network provides a timeconstant of 0.5 to 1 second, at the end of which the -15 volt supplybecomes fully coupled tothe input of voltage regulator 454 throughtransistor 458. When this occurs, i.e., after the delay, the voltageregulator turns on and providesa regulated -5 volt output (443). Duringthis delay, the +15, -15 and +2.4 volt supplies are directly passed tothe laser diode driver circuit board 149 as indicated by line 451 inFIG. 19. The voltage regulator is preferably a model LM320T-5 availablefrom distributors such as National Semiconductor having external heatsinks.

Filter 453 comprises two capacitors 463 and 464 in parallel between thecommon ground return and the voltage regulator input, and is utilizedfor input noise filtering. Filter 455 has a parallel capacitorconstruction 465, 466 and a parallel resistor 467. The capacitors 465and 466 provide output noise filtering and improved voltage regulation.Resistor 467 is used for minimally loading the voltage regulator 454.Capacitors 463 and 465 are preferably 22 μf (10%, 35 w rated) capacitors464 and 466 are 0.1 μf, and resistor 467 is 160Ω (5%, 1/4 watt rated).

Referring again to FIG. 22, the +15 V supply also is passed across aconversion circuit including a 2.4 v Zener diode 456 (a model IN4370Adevice) to produce a +2.4 reference signal. The +15 supply is passedacross a filter including parallel capacitors 468 (22 μf, 10%, 35 w),and 469 (0.1 μf) and resistor 470 (510 Ω, 5%, 1/2 watt) in parallel withthe Zener diode 456. A capacitor 471 (1.0 μf, 10%, 50v) is connected inparallel with the Zener diode 456 and produces the +2.4 volt signal.

In a typical operation, the laser diode drive current I_(L) is set at 70milliamps nominal, and 80 milliamps maximum, such that the value iscontinuously adjustable between 60 and 80 milliamps. Regarding theToshibamodel TOLD9225(S) laser diode, which includes an internallypackaged detector, the monitored current is typically 1.5 milliamps, and3.0 milliamps maximum, with a 0.5 milliamps minimum at an output of 10milliwatts.

The sensed voltage V_(CM) representing the laser diode drive currentI_(L) is advantageously used to generate a "longevity" ("LONG.")signal,which has a logical level output, for the laser diode 131. Inthis regard, a logic HIGH signal (1) is indicated when the laser diodecurrent I_(L) is greater than or equal to a preset reference value,e.g., corresponding to 80 milliamps. A logic LOW (.O slashed.) signal isused to indicate normal laser diode operation.

FIG. 23 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a laser diodelongevity status circuit 480, also shown in FIG. 19. The laser diodedriver board 149 provides the input line 470 to the status circuit 480.The status circuit 480 includes a comparator 471, and ±15 volt referencevoltage supplies. The comparator 471 is preferably a model LM311M,having at its inverting input the sum of two signals: first, a signalfrom a -15 volt source passed through a voltage divider comprising a 1KΩpotentiometer 474 and a 1KΩ resistor 475; and second, a signal fromterminal TP3 of the laser diode 131. The non-inverting input ofcomparator471 is connected to the input line 470 from the laser diodedriver board 149 to input voltage V_(CM).

The comparator 471 is biased by a -15 volt source connected in parallelwith a 0.1 μf capacitor, and by a +15V source. The output ofcomparator471 is connected to the +15 volt source through a 2KΩ resistor473 and a 1KΩ resistor 476. The +15 volt source is also connected inparallel with a 0.1 μf capacitor 477 and the resistors 473, 476 and 1KΩresistor 478 and 499Ω resistor 479. The output signal on line 481provides an indication of the amount of power the laser diode isutilizing to produce the required light intensity. In particular, thepotentiometer circuitry at 474, 475 is adjusted to set a threshold levelwhich is compared by comparator 471 to the laser diode power signal online 470. If the threshold level is exceeded, a TTL compatible outputsignal corresponding to a 1 logic level is generated on line 481indicating that the laser diode 131 is using too much power and thus mayneed replacement. If the threshold level is not exceeded, then a TTLcompatible output signal corresponding to a 0 logic level is generatedon line 481, meaning that the laser diode 131 is operating normally.

E. The CANBUS

FIG. 24 is a simplified block diagram of the CANBUS architecture 500according to an embodiment of the present invention. In particular, theCANBUS interface 112 is connected to the system CPU 107 via a PC 104 Bushaving data, address and control lines, generally designated as PC 104bus501. The CANBUS interface 112 is also connected through the CANBUSscrambler 120 to the system nodes comprising the HGB node 122, theSwitch indicator node 124, the Pressure and Switch Node 126, the motordrive nodes 132, 134, 136, 138, the Parallel node 140 and the ValveDriver nodes150, 160. Each node is a "smart" node, and thus contain aresident microprocessor to receive, process and send data, address andcontrol signals on the CANBUS 500. The use of the CANBUS permitsdistributed logicto be implemented in the system.

The CANBUS interface 112 is an interface that is the transmitter andreceiver of all communications between the Analytic InstrumentController 105 (see FIG. 11A) and all the attached nodes. The AnalyticInstrument Controller 105, e.g., an Intel series 386Ex CPU, communicatesvia a seriallink which is part of a CAN protocol. The CANBUS interface112 is preferably connected to the analytic instrument controller 105 bybus 501 using input by bus 501 output connections according to the PC104 standard. The design may be based on the Intel model 82527 serialcommunications controller with the CPU Interface Logic using a 16 bitmultiplexed architecture mode.

The CANBUS interface 112 is preferably optically isolated from theCANBUS 500 connected to it and the various nodes. A conventional 9 pinD-type connector (not shown) including a bus high line pin, a bus lowline pin, a +5v input power pin, and ground pins, is used to couple eachnode to the CANBUS scrambler 120 to the CANBUS 500.

Referring to FIGS. 24 and 25, the major components of the CANBUSinterface 112 and the CANBUS scrambler 120 are shown. CANBUS interface112 includes a CAN controller, 1710 two opto-isolators 1720 and 1730,which couple interface 112 to CANBUS scrambler 120, a programmable arraylogic (PAL) device 1740, a buffer circuit 1750, a database transceivercircuit 1760, an address buffer circuit 1770, a data transceiver circuit1780, and a control logic circuit 1790.

CAN controller 1710, preferably an Intel device model No. 82527controller,is a serial communications controller that performscommunications according to the CAN protocol. The CAN protocol uses amulti-master bus configuration for the transfer of message objectsbetween nodes on the network. The CAN controller 1710 performs allserial communication functions, such as transmission and reception ofmessages, message filtering, transmit search and interrupt search, withminimal interaction from the host CPU 107.

A communications object consists of an identifier along with controldata segments. The control segment contains all the information neededto transfer the message. A transmitting node broadcasts its message toall other nodes on the network, and an acceptance filter at each nodedecides whether to receive that message.

CAN controller 1710 not only manages the transmission and reception ofmessages, but also manages the error handling, without any burden on theCPU 107. CAN controller 1710 features several error detection mechanismsincluding Cyclical Redundancy Check and bit coding rules. If a messagewascorrupted, it is not accepted by the receiving node. The controller1710 monitors transmission status and an automatic retransmission ofdata is initiated in the case of error. Preferably, controller 1710 candistinguish permanent hardware failures from soft errors and defectivenodes are switched off the bus.

In a preferred embodiment, the controller 1710 is configured in theconventional Intel 16 bit multiplexed mode, which allows data transfersfrom the CPU in 8 bit bytes or 16 bit words. The controller 1710 thusappears to the CPU as a block of 256 bytes of RAM, which is dividedbetween control and message registers. An 8 bit general purpose I/O portis provided by the controller 1710, bit 0 of which is used to force asystem reset over the CANBUS 500. The clock for the controller 1710 isthe8 MHz clock signal BCLK, from the PC 104 Bus 501. More detailedinformationon the Intel part 82527 is available on the Intel data sheet,which is incorporated herein by reference.

The CANBUS interface (driver/receiver), preferably a Philips model82C250 device, provides the physical interface to the CANBUS scrambler120 of CANBUS 500 on a connector J3 (the 9 pin D-type connector) andthence to the complimentary CAN interface device and CAN controllermicroprocessors of each of the Nodes coupled to CANBUS 500. These nodeelements are described further below. The CANBUS states are defined asfollows:

    ______________________________________                                        TXD       CANH      CANL     BUS STATE                                                                             RxD                                      ______________________________________                                        0         High      Low      dominant                                                                              0                                        1 or float                                                                              float     float    recessive                                                                             1                                        ______________________________________                                    

A resistor is used to control the slope of the CANBUS signal. The outputofthe CAN connector J3, has the following pin definitions:

    ______________________________________                                                  J3-1 no connection                                                            J3-2 CANL                                                                     J3-3 Power Return                                                             J3-4 Power Return                                                             J3-5 Power Input                                                              J3-6 no connection                                                            J3-7 CANH                                                                     J3-8 Power Return                                                             J3-9 Power Input                                                    ______________________________________                                    

A CANBUS terminator jumper (not shown) may be inserted to provide aCANBUS termination of 118 ohms, or not used to provide no CANBUStermination.

In addition, a power supply jumper P3 is used to control in part thepower supplied on the CANBUS 500. The circuitry requires 5 volts,however, an onboard regulator VR1 is provided which allows operationfrom an 8-12 volt supply. Jumper P3 selects power source, and isinserted for use with 5 volt supply that is available from the CANBUS500, and is removed for use with higher supply voltages.

Opto-isolators 1720 and 1730 isolate the CAN driver/receiver 1735 andthe CANBUS 500 from the remainder of the circuitry of CANBUS interface112 andthe system controller 105. The circuitry on the CANBUS controller1710 sideof the isolators is powered from the PC104 bus 501.

CANBUS interface 112 interfaces to the CPU 107 board through a PC104 bus501. The PC 104 bus 501 is similar to the standard ISA (P966), butmodified with connectors better suited to embedded applications. Theboardis memory mapped with a 16 bit interface. This allows both 8 bitand 16 bittransfers and allows the board to occupy memory space above 1meg. The following pin definitions in connector J1 are used:

    ______________________________________                                         2                 5VRET                                                       3                 SD7                                                         4                 PWRGD/                                                      5                 SD6                                                         6                 +5 V                                                        7                 SD5                                                         8                 IRQ9                                                        9                 SD4                                                        11                 SD3                                                        13                 SD2                                                        15                 SD1                                                        17                 SD0                                                        19                 IOCHRDY                                                    20                 5VRET                                                      29                 A16                                                        31                 A15                                                        33                 A14                                                        35                 A13                                                        37                 A12                                                        39                 A11                                                        40                 BCLK                                                       41                 A10                                                        42                 IRQ7                                                       43                 A9                                                         44                 IRQ6                                                       45                 A8                                                         46                 IRQ5                                                       47                 A7                                                         49                 A6                                                         51                 A5                                                         53                 A4                                                         55                 A3                                                         56                 BALE                                                       57                 A2                                                         58                 +5 V                                                       59                 A1                                                         61                 BLE                                                        62                 5VRET                                                      63                 5VRET                                                      64                 5VRET                                                      ______________________________________                                    

The following pin definitions in connector J2 are used:

    ______________________________________                                         1                 GND                                                         2                 GND                                                         3                 MEMCS16/                                                    4                 BHE/                                                        6                 A23                                                         8                 A22                                                        10                 A21                                                        12                 A20                                                        14                 A19                                                        15                 IRQ14                                                      16                 A18                                                        18                 A17                                                        20                 MEMR/                                                      22                 MEMW/                                                      24                 SD8                                                        26                 SD9                                                        28                 SD10                                                       30                 SD11                                                       32                 SD12                                                       34                 SD13                                                       36                 SD14                                                       38                 SD15                                                       33                 VCC                                                        37                 GND                                                        39                 GND                                                        40                 GND                                                        ______________________________________                                    

The PAL device 1740 operates to decode the PC104 address lines A11-A23to enable CPU communication to the CANBUS interface 112. The equationswhich define the PAL are as follows: ##EQU1##Jumpers are used to selectthe base address of the board.

    ______________________________________                                        Base Add        P4 1-2  P4 3-4                                                ______________________________________                                        0C0000h         X       X                                                     0D000h          X       open                                                  0E0000h         open    X                                                     FE0000h         open    open                                                  ______________________________________                                    

CAN controller 1710 I/O port P2.0 controls the CANBUS reset function. Toinitiate a reset over the CANBUS 500, I/O P2.0 must be held high for atleast 130 μsec. This forces the CANBUS 500 into the dominant state forthis time, a condition which activates the reset function of each nodeon the bus. A Jumper P2 is used to control the initial state of thereset circuit at power up. With the jumper P2 removed, the board forcesa CAN reset upon power up and port P2.0 must be programmed to a lowstate to release the reset. When jumper P2 is inserted, no reset occurson power upuntil the software forces port P2.0 high.

The CANBUS protocol used in the invention allows for MASTER/SLAVE alongwith SLAVE/SLAVE communications. The term MASTER refers to theinitiating device, and the term SLAVE refers to the device receiving acommand. The SLAVE will respond and/or execute the command. The systemcontroller CPU 107 in the Analytic Instrument Controller 105 is known asthe HOST, and any NODE can be the MASTER for specific commands, such asquerying anotherdevice for its status. The HOST is responsible fortransmitting commands and status inquiries to the various nodes, and forprocessing data received from the nodes for the workstation 103 (seeFIG. 11A).

The CAN protocol utilizes an 11 bit identifier field for the MessageIdentifier (MID). Messages are prioritized by the MID value such thatthe lower the MID the higher the priority. Thus, the CAN interface andcontroller hardware arbitrates the bus using the MID. Along with theMID, there are 8 data bytes that are used to transfer from 0 to 8 bytesof data. A four-bit Device CLASS field is used in the MID to definefifteen different device classes plus one broadcast class. Since thepriority of the message is based on the value of the MID, the classesare defined based on system timing requirements. Certain devices, suchas the valves controlled by the Valve Driver Nodes 150, 160, typicallyrequire a higher degree of accuracy for command execution. By having alower CLASS value, e.g., value (1), this helps decrease command latencyfor control of the valves due to CANBUS arbitration.

Other CLASS definitions may be allocated as follows. CLASS (0) forBroadcast, which is used to speak with all devices on the bus, and isusually given the highest priority. Commands used are those such asStop, Reset, Request a device on bus, etc. Most all nodes will hear andprocess these commands (e.g., certain pump devices may ignore thesecommands). CLASS (1), for valves and other activities, such as shutters.CLASS (2), for pump control of host to node information, and CLASS (10),for pump node to host information (these classes uses different driversand communications than other device classes and does not necessarilyrespond to Broadcast commands). CLASS (3), for Servo mechanisms andsamplers for sample aspiration, CLASS (6) for Stepper motor devices andtransport mechanisms. CLASS (7) for pumps. CLASS (8) for AC motors,e.g., in operating sample aspiration and the autosampler. CLASS (9) forsensors, e.g., to determine the fill levels of containers, positions ofcomponents,temperature of elements and the like. CLASS (11) for IDReaders to read barcodes for sample data tracking. CLASS (12) for theserial or parallel input/output communications. CLASS (15) for theinstrument controller. Of course, other classes could be used and theassigned CLASS priorities modified as appropriate for a giveninstrument.

In the described system, bits 0-2 define the Frame type which identifiesthe type of message being sent. Bits 3-6 of the 11 bit MID identify theDevice ID. Bits 7-10 identify the Destination device CLASS. The Frametypeof messages include: "0" an acknowledgement from a slave to master,which is returned to the initiating master device; "1" a single Frame oran end of a multiframe sequence, which is sent from the master to theslave; "3" multiframe start, which is sent from the master to the slave;"4" multiframe data, sent from the master to the slave; "6" Query sentfrom master to slave and requesting slave status; and "7", FAULT/NAK,which is sent from the slave to the master in response to a command oran unsolicited FAULT indication from the device. Frame type 5 is notused andFrame type 2 is used for the pumps as explained below.

The first data byte (byte 0) provides the sender identifier MID. Thenext seven data-bytes (bytes 1-7) provide the data (command or otherinformation).

In the case of the pumps, a different communication format is used. Inthe 11 bit MID identified field, bit 10 is set to 0 to indicate it is aHost to Pump message and set to 1 to indicate a Pump to Host response.Bits 7-9are used to distinguish between class (10) and class (2) asdescribed. Bits3-6 are used to identify the device IDs for 0-15. Bits0-2 provides the Frame type. The same frame types are used as set forthabove except that frame types 0 and 7 are not used, frame type 1 is anAction frame, and frame type 2 is a common command frame.

The CANBUS also includes a DOWNLOAD mode, during which time parametersand/or new software code can be downloaded from the Host to the device.

Such a system permits communications between all nodes in a known,modular fashion, and importantly permits the use of a node from thepresent apparatus to be used in other devices. A suitable CAN protocolfor the 11 bit identifier is described in BOSCH CAN SpecificationVersion 2.0, part A. The term CANBUS stands for Control Area NetworkBus.

Different types of CAN controllers can be used at either end of theCANBUS,which offer various degrees of MID filtering. The Intel model82527 device preferably used in the CANBUS interface 112 offers tenfilters. However the described embodiment of the present inventionutilizes in each node a Philip model P87C592 microcontroller,distributed by the Phillips Electronics Company, which offers only onefilter. This may create a problem if multiple types of CLASSinformation, such as a BROADCAST or a MULTICAST signal, is required tobe received. In general a device (node) does not want to hear all themessages on the bus, and thus an acceptance filter may be programmed toonly generate an interrupt for that specific node. The device will thennot be capable of receiving a BROADCAST or MULTICAST message if it isset to filter its own CLASS and DEVICE ID. However, another problemarises when it is desired to perform functions like downloading firmwareto an entire CLASS at once. Therefore, the devices also incorporate aset of commands that removes all the filtering,enables BROADCASTfiltering, enables MULTICAST filtering and enables the original filter.

As will become clear in the following discussion, each of the Nodespreferably include the same basic hardware (CAN interface andmicrocontroller) to couple to the CAN bus, although each microcontrollerwill have its own programming and other related circuitry to perform thedistributed logic and control functions of the Node.

1. HGB Colorimeter Node

The function of the HGB Node 122 is to sense and convert the voltagesignalfrom the HGB Colorimeter 621 to digital data which can betransferred to the Analytical Controller 105 via a CANBUS 500. Referringto FIGS. 34, 51 and 61, regarding the HGB node 122, a power andpreamplifier assembly board 123 is used to supply power to theincandescent lamp 622 and to produce a preamplified signal from thepin-current silicon photodiode detector 623 (FIG. 61). The HGB reactionchamber 593 is interposed in the light path and the detected light isfiltered to pas the light wavelength 546±2.0 nanometers to obtain theHGB color measurement. The preamplifier 2132 converts the detectorsignal. As illustrated in FIG. 61,the lamp assembly, the PC board 123,and the photodiode assembly are mounted in a casting 121B which alignsthe lamp 622 and the photodiode 623in a straight line through thereaction chamber number 593, within a housing 121A secured to theunified flow circuit.

The HGB Node 122 is part of the HGB Colorimeter assembly 161 andpreferablyis mounted to the HGB Power Supply/Pre-Amp Board 123 (FIG. 61)piggyback style within housing 121A. The HGB Node 122 operates amicro-controller which executes a software routine program to acquireand digitize a value indicative of the color measurement.

Referring to FIG. 34, the HGB Node microcontroller 2110 is preferably aModel No. P87C592 microcontroller, available from Philips. (It is notedthat all circuit model numbers of commercial devices are those availablefrom Philips Electronics, Inc., unless otherwise indicated). Themicrocontroller 2110 includes a CPU 2112, preferably a model 80C51 corewith an integrated CAN controller 2111, digital and analog ports 2116, ashift register, serial UART port 2119, ROM 2113, RAM 2114 and watch-dogtimer 2115.

Data is transferred from the discrete internal analog-to-digitalconverter (ADC) 2130 serially using the internal UART port 2119. Sincethe ADC 2130 transfers the most significant bit of data first and theUART port 2119 receives the least significant bit of data first, it isnecessary for the controller 2111 to swap bits around to obtain validdata.

The ADC 2130 port assignments, using the conventional pin numbering, areset forth as follows:

    ______________________________________                                        P1.0          A0          ADC address                                         P1.1          A1          ADC address                                         P1.2          BP          Bipolar/Unipolar select                             P1.4                      Option LED 2125                                     P1.5                      Option Jumper P3 2124                               P1.6          TxD         CAN transmit                                        P3.0          SDATA       Serial data in from ADC                             P3.1          SCLK        Serial data clock to ADC                            P3.2          DRDY/       Data ready from ADC                                 P3.3          CS/         Chip select to ADC                                  P3.4          CONV        Convert signal to ADC                               P3.5          CAL         Calibrate signal to ADC                             ______________________________________                                    

The Philips model 87C592 micro-controller includes all hardware modulesnecessary to implement the transfer layer which represents the kernel ofthe CAN protocol. The watchdog timer 2115 is reloaded periodically bythe application software. The timer increments every 1.5 ms. If theprocessor CPU 2112 suffers a software/hardware malfunction, the softwarefails to reload the timer and an overflow occurs, which forces a resetof microcontroller 2110.

Preferably, the ROM 2113 is a device which contains 16 kbytes of PROMand the RAM 2114 is a device which contains 512 bytes. It should beunderstoodthat the ROM also may be a different programmable memorydevice, e.g., EPROM, FLASH memory or other programmable (magnetic oroptical) memory as appropriate.

A more complete description of the Philips model 87C592 device isavailablein the Philips data sheet, which is publically available andincorporated herein by reference.

The CAN interface 2101, is preferably a Philips model 82C250 device, andprovides the physical interface between the CANBUS 500 on connector J1andthe CAN controller 2111 of the microcontroller 2110. The connector J1is the aforementioned nine pin D-type connector used to couple each nodeto the CANBUS scrambler 120. It is noted that CAN interface 2101 mayalternatively be the same as the CAN interface 1735 describedpreviously, and must in any event be compatible with the defined CANBUSstates and protocol. A resistor (not shown) may be used to control theslope of the CANBUS signal and for EMI control. Further details of themodel 82C250 CANinterface are available in the Philips data sheet, whichis publically available and incorporated herein by reference.

The HGB Node 122 is powered by the ±15 volts power supply, which isregulated down to 5 volts by an on-board voltage regulator. The CANinterface 2101 (not shown) is powered by the CANBUS; 5 volts isrequired, and a regulator allows operation from 8-12 volts. This issimilar to the operation of CAN interface 1735 previously described.

The reset circuit 2120 monitors the state of the CANBUS. Upon receivinga dominant bit condition on the CANBUS for a predetermined number ofoscillator periods, e.g., 2048 oscillator periods (corresponding to 128μs), a reset to the microcontroller 2110 is initiated. The dominantstate should be maintained for at least 24 (1.5 μs) oscillator periodsto complete the reset cycle. An RC circuit (not shown) may be used toholdthe clear line of a flip flop in the reset circuit 2120 low as poweris brought up insuring power up reset.

An oscillator (not shown in FIG. 34, shown in FIG. 35) is provided forclocking microcontroller 2110 and the reset circuit 2120. The oscillatorfrequency is preferably 16 Mhz (±0.01).

The analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 2130 is provided to digitizevoltagesfrom 0 to 2.5 volts in unipolar mode or -2.5 to 2.5 volts inbipolar mode. The mode is selected by microcontroller 2110 port P1.2.This ADC 2130 provides 16 bits of resolution with a linearity error ofless than 0.0030 w full scale. An internal digital filter provides a 50,60 Hz (line frequency) rejection of 120 dB when operating at adigitization clock frequency of 32,768 Hz. At this frequency, up to 20conversions per secondmay occur. Preferably, the ADC 2130 is a modelCS5505 device which includesan integrated four channel multiplexer 2131having analog inputs 1N1, 1N2, 1N3 and 1N4.

The analog input of ADC 2130 will accept voltages of 0 to -2.5 volts inunipolar mode, or -2.5 to 2.5 volts in bipolar mode. The HGB calorimeterpreamp board 123 (not shown in FIG. 34, see FIG. 61) presents a DCvoltageof -1.1 to -4.0 volts at box 2133, as the preamplifiedphotodetector outputfrom circuit board 123. This corresponds toabsorbencies of 0 to 0.53 O.D. with a 4 volt baseline. The input signalat 2133 is first buffered by an inverting, low offset, low noise op-amp2132 and reduced by half using precision voltage divider coupled to theamplifier output (not shown) before being fed to the analog to digitalconverter 2130 at input IN1.

The digitized data is transferred to the microcontroller 2110 at UARTport 2119 serially, MSB first with the microcontroller 2110 supplyingthe data clock.

An input on ADC 2130 input pin CONV initiates a conversion on a low tohightransition if the signal on the pin CAL is low or a calibrate cycleif CAL is high. If the signal at the pin CAL is high during a low tohigh transition at the CONV input, a calibrate cycle occurs, whichincludes calibration of the ADC 2130 offset and gain scale factor.

The ADC 2130 inputs A0, A1 are used to select which input channel isused for the input signal. These signals are latched by a low to hightransition at the CONV input. The ADC 2130 BP/UP input selects a bipolarmode if the signal is set high and a unipolar mode if the signal is setlow. The ADC 2130 DRDY/ pin is a Data Ready signal that goes low at theend of the analog to digital conversion cycle, to signal to themicrocontroller 2110 that data is available on the UART serial port2119. It returns high after all bits have been shifted out or two clockcycles before new data becomes available if pin CS/ is high. The CS/port allows access to serial port when set low. The SDATA port is aSerial data line on which data is shifted out MSB first. The SCLK portis a Serial data clock supplied by the microcontroller 2110. Preferablydata changes on thefalling edge of the clock. It is noted that otherNodes may utilize the internal 10 bit ADC of the Philips Model 87C597device for digitizing data, but a different ADC may be used when greater(or less) resolution isdesired, as in the HGB Node 122.

Conventional voltage regulators (not shown) are used to convert the ±15volt input to the required voltage for HGB Node 122 operation. Thefollowing supplies are typically provided: a +5V digital supply; a ±10volt supply for the op-amp 213-2; and ±5V analog supply for the ADC2130.

HGB Colorimeter measurements are derived from a ratio of a samplevoltage measurement and a baseline voltage measurement made within a 15second time period. Scaling errors such as the voltage referencetolerance are factored out in making the ratio. Only linearity, offset,noise and drift errors effect results.

The total accuracy for the board in making voltage ratio measurements inthe voltage range of 1 to 4 volts is 0.1%. This voltage rangecorresponds to calorimeter absorbencies of 0 to 0.53 O.D. and a baselinevoltage of 4 volts.

2. The Pressure and Switch Node

FIG. 26 is a simplified schematic diagram of the Pressure and SwitchNode 126, which is the interface between the analytic InstrumentController 105and the pneumatics assembly 129, 128, 130A. The pneumaticsassembly is shown in block form in FIG. 11B, and comprises thepneumatic/compressor assembly 130A, the waste jug assembly 128 and theuniversal rinse assembly129. The Pressure and Switch Node 126 controlsthe power to the compressor,dryer and monitors the state of the levelsensors for the waste and reagentcontainers, and monitors the pressureand vacuum lines of the system. Each of the various components of thePressure and Switch Node is supplied withpower from a single 5 Voltsource 1503.

Each node, including the Pressure and Switch Node 126, has a CANBUSinterface circuit 1502 which links the data on the CANBUS 500 from theother nodes and/or from the system CPU 107 to a node microcontrollersuch as the Switch Node microcontroller 1504. The Switch Nodemicrocontroller 1504 is thus connected to the system CPU 107 and theother nodes through the CANBUS interface 1502. The CAN interface 1502 ispreferably constructed in the same manner and operation as the CANinterface circuitsdescribed above (e.g., circuit 2101 in FIG. 34, oralternately circuit 1735in FIG. 25) and similarly microcontroller 1504is the same as the above-described node microcontroller device (e.g.,microcontroller 2110 inFIG. 34). These devices operate in the samemanner as those devices with respect to connecting the Pressure andSwitch Node 126 to, and communications on, the CANBUS 500.

In the Pressure and Switch Node 126, the microcontroller 1504 has inputs1508, 1509, 1510 and 1511 from three pressure transducers and one vacuumtransducer, respectively. The microcontroller 1504 also receives inputfrom a reset circuit 1506, and from a waste level sensor 1517 and areagent level sensor 1519. The level sensors may be magneticallyactivatedreed switches. The microcontroller 1504 may output commands tothe compressor relay on line 1530, and may send data to the CANBUS, asrequired. The relay may be a solid state relay. Further, themicrocontroller 1504 may generate a plurality of output signals on datalines 1531 as required for diagnostic or other purposes.

The pneumatic/compressor assembly 130A provides the system with threepressures of 5, 20 and 40 pounds per square inch (PSI), and a vacuum of20" Hg. Four different electronic transducer circuits 1508, 1509, 1510and1511, which are configured in the same manner, monitor the variouspressureand vacuum lines (generally referred to as a "pneumatic" or"hydraulic" line) and generate output signals. The four sensorspreferably use pre-calibrated pressure transducers, three of which havea maximum sensingcapability of 60, 30, and 5 psi for measuring the 40,20 and 5 psig, operating pressures respectively, and the fourth of whichhas a maximum capability of 15 psi, but which is installed with itsoutput polarity reversed so as to measure the vacuum. The systemmicrocontroller 107 in the Analytic Instrument Controller 105 selectswhich of the pressure or vacuum lines to be monitored, and ensures thatthe pressure measurements stay within a plus or minus 5 percenttolerance band. The tolerance band incorporates any transducer,amplifier and analog-to-digital converter errors that may occur. Theanalog to digital conversion integral to microcontroller 1504 typicallyconverts the analog pressure and vacuum signals with a ten bitresolution for transfer on the CANBUS. Use of the transducers permitsthe pneumatics system to be monitored in real time.

Referring to FIG. 26, one of the transducer circuits 1508 is shown indetail. The transducer circuitry utilizes low-offset operationalamplifiers in addition to a pressure sensor to monitor the system inreal time and is capable of generating a signal if the pressure (orvacuum) is not within a preset tolerance band. Referring to transducercircuit 1508, a 5 Volt power supply 1503 is connected to the inputs of apre-calibrated pressure sensor 1514 across a 0.01 microfarad capacitor1512. The negativeoutputs of the sensor 1514 are fed to thenon-inverting input of operational amplifier 1516. The output ofamplifier 1518 is fed back to its inverting input through 1KΩ resistor1518. In addition, the 5 Volt power supply is connected to the invertinginput of amplifier 1516 through a voltage divider circuit comprisingresistors 1520, 1521 and 1522in parallel with resistor 1523. Optionallya 0-1KΩ potentiometer may be in parallel with resistor 1523. The outputof amplifier 1516 is also input through 1KΩ resistor 1525 to theinverting input of operational amplifier 1526. The positive outputs ofpressure sensor 1514 are fed to the non-inverting input of amplifier1526. The output of amplifier 1526 is fed back to its inverting inputthrough circuitry comprising 100KΩ and optionally, resistors 1527 and1528 in parallelwith a 0.001 microfarad capacitor 1529. The outputsignal generated by the amplifier 1526 is fed to microcontroller 1504for transmission to the CANBUS. The circuits are thus configured asinstrumentation amplifiers. Each pressure transducer is connected toprovide a 25 mV output at full scale with a 5 V supply. The circuitcomponents illustrated that lack values are optional components intendedfor providing possible gain and offset adjustments.

Again referring to FIG. 26, a node reset circuit 1506 is shown indetail. Each node in the system contains such a reset circuit, and itfunctions toreset the node when a dominant signal generated by theCANBUS goes low for a period longer than a preset maximum time period.The reset circuit 1506 contains a 16 MHZ oscillator 1532 (or at leastthe clock signal from such an oscillator), connected to a 5 Volt source1503 through a 10KΩ resistor 1533. The 5 Volt source is also connectedto ground through 0.01 microfarad capacitor 1534. The output ofoscillator 1532 is connected to the microcontroller 1504 through a 20 Ωresistor 1535, and to the clock input of integrated circuit 1536.Through a 20 Ω resistor 1543, circuit 1536 is a counter that divides theclock frequency by 2048. The reset input line of the integrated circuit(sensor) 1536 is connected to the CANBUS interface 112, which is alsoconnected through inverter 1537to flip-flop circuit 1538. The firstinput of flip-flop 1538 is connected to the 5 Volt source through ajumper P3 (to disable the CANBUS reset function), which is alsoconnected to ground through 10KΩ resistor 1539. The second input offlip-flop 1538 is connected to the output of theintegrated circuit 1536.The "clear" input of flip-flop 1538 is connected to the 5 Volt sourcethrough 10KΩ resistor 1540, and the 5 Volt source is also connected toground through a circuit comprising resistor 1540 in parallel with diode1541 and a 10 microfarad capacitor 1542. The oscillator 1532 of resetcircuit 1506 enables sensor 1536 to determine when the dominant signalof the CANBUS remains low for a period of time exceeding a presetmaximum period (e.g., 2048 clock pulses), and to generate a signal fromflip-flop 1538 on line 1544 to the microcontroller 1504 to reset thenode where such a situation occurs.

Also input to the internal ADC of microcontroller 1504 is a bank of fouranalog inputs to monitor voltages from four test volt sources, namelyfullscale test voltage, 2/3 scale test voltage, 1/3 scale test voltage,and 0 test voltage. The ADC provides a 10 bit analog to digitalconversion. The reference voltage for the ADC is the 5 volt power supplywhich also is theinput voltage for the four transducer circuits 1508,1509, 1510 and 1511, so that the measurement made is ratiometric and notaffected by power supply variations.

3. Pump Node--Pump Profile

Referring to FIG. 35, generally, the pump node is a small printedcircuit board that mounts on the pump itself and monitors the pumputilizing an encoder. The node microcontroller controls the speed of themotor by generating a pulse width modulated signal and varies the dutycycle. The Pump Nodes 132, 134, 136, and 138 each operate the servomotor unit for the syringe pumps 867 for pumping the sheath and thereaction mixture through the flow cells 110 and 110A for making theoptical measurements. Taking as an example the Pump Node 138, itfunctions to control its associated syringe within a specified timeaccording to a predetermined pump profile, which avoids erratic movementand has a substantially constant velocity during the flowcell read time.Each of the pump nodes operates in substantially the same manner, andtherefore only one will be described.

The Pump Node 132 includes a CAN interface circuit 2210, amicrocontroller 2220, a voltage regulator 2224, a reset circuit 2221, anoscillator 2222, RAM and PROM memory 2223, all having the same essentialconstruction and operation with respect to communications between theNode 132 and the CANBUS 500 and system CPU 107 as the other nodes and aspreviously described. In addition, Node 132 includes a profile generator2252, a position detector 2254 and a pulse width modulator circuit 2256which is coupled to an opto-isolator 2260. The pulse width modulatedsignal produced by microcontroller 2220, which implements the pumpprofile to be obtained, is transmitted over opto-isolator bridge 2260 tocontrol the motor driver circuit 2272. This motor driver circuit 2272 inturn drives motor 2270 to operate the associated syringe pump 867according to the programmed profile. The profile, more specifically theconstants needed todetermine the profile, is downloaded from the systemcontroller 105 over the CANBUS 500 and stored in the profile generator2252. The constants maybe, for example, an initial condition, anacceleration slope (counts per sec²) and duration (counts), constantvelocity (counts per sec) and duration (counts), and deceleration(counts per sec²) and a duration (counts).

The motor 870 (FIGS. 42 and 43) has a corresponding encoder circuit 2276which produces an encoded signal representative of the position of thesyringe pump motor. This encoded signal is then decoded by positiondecoder circuit 2254, and compared to the profile using profilegenerator 2252, thereby to provide feedback control of the pump motionaccording to the desired profile. The feedback is provided by theencoder 2276 of the motor, and the quadrature decoder 2278, e.g.,devices model Nos. HEDS-9120and HCTL-2016, available from HewlettPackard. In the event that the pump motor cannot be corrected to followthe desired profile, then the microcontroller 2220 can generate theappropriate fault signal and transmit it to the host CPU on the CANBUS500. The motor driver circuits may be provided with a 24 volt supplyseparately from the CANBUS 5 volt supply or the on board voltageregulator 2224, to generate the power necessary to operate the motor2270. Hence, the opto isolation is desired and used. A preferred motordriver circuit is a model LMD18200 device available from NationalSemiconductor Corp., Santa Clara, Calif. 95052.

These circuit elements are preferably mounted on a single printedcircuit board which is in turn connected adjacent the motor foroperating the syringe pumps., in the pump modules as discussed below.

4. Valve Node

Referring to FIG. 31, the Valve Driver Node 160 is the interface betweenthe analytic Instrument Controller 105 and its CPU 107 and the systemvalving hardware. The valve driver node 160 controls the applicablesystemsolenoid (pneumatic) valves V26, V28, V29, V30, V34, V31, V75,V76, V77, V78, V79, V39, V60 and V80 (see FIG. 52). It also containsfault indicating circuitry for valve shorts and open circuit conditions.

The Node 160 is made intelligent via an on board microcontroller 2020and aCANBUS interface 2010 which is queried by the host CPU 107 via theCANBUS 500 to handle valve selection, timing and to report valve status.Valve node 160 is preferably formed as a printed circuit board assembly,based on the MICREL Semiconductor integrated circuit MIC 59P50, 8 BitParallel Input Protected Latched Driver circuit for driving the valves.

The valve driver node 160 is preferably able to power 40 low current(50-60MA) dome or diaphragm valves, which may be arranged in a bank of5X8 valves. The valve driver node 160 also is preferably able to power 6high current (200 MA) solenoid valves, which may be arranged in twobanks of 1X2 and 1X4, and a combination of the above. The valve driversare collectively represented by output driver circuit 2040.

The microcontroller 2020 the CAN Interface 2010 are similarly configuredasin the other nodes, having a reset circuit 2021, an oscillator 2022 at16.0Mhz, RAM and PROM memory 2023, and an on-board voltage regulator2024 to perform data and control functions transfer between theInstrument Controller 105 and the node 160 except that the inputs andoutputs of the microcontroller and its data processing functions aredifferent to performthe dedicated node 160 functions.

Referring to FIG. 32 the decoding logic circuitry 2030 include circuitsto decode the valve driver stobe from system CPU 107. Circuit 2032,preferably a model 74HC573 latch, latches the least three significantaddress bits via an ALE/ signal to select which driver integratedcircuit is to receive new data. Circuit 2034, preferably a model74HC138, is a 3 to 8 line decoder which receives the stored data bitsand processes them at the appropriate time by the arrival of a WR/signal. Decoded strobes are than routed to the various power outputdrivers 2040 to control the identified valve accordingly. OctalTri-State Buffers 2035A and 2035B are used to steer valve fault flags tothe on-board microcontroller 2020 by decoding Data bits D0, D1 and theRD/signal.

The output valve driving circuitry 2040 comprises integrated drivercircuits 2041, 2042, 2043 and 2045, each preferably the MICREL model59P50device, having a +5 volt supply and a 24 v ground return. Eachdriver output pin is protected by a transient diode tied up to the powerrail (not shown). Also incorporated on all driver outputs is a wired orseries current sensing resistor (not shown), e.g., 1.0 ohms 5% (3 watts)connected in a differential mode to the sense comparator circuitry 2048and 2049. The sense comparator circuitry 2048 and 2049 (e.g., preferablyan Allegro model ULN2454 device) are used in decoding logic 2030 tosense the voltage drop across the sense resistor as the software turnson each valve individually. If no voltage is sensed, then the valve orwiring is assumed to be open circuit. This is then reported to thesystem controller105.

Timing for the driver circuitry 2040 is obtained in accordance with thetruth table below.

                  TRUTH TABLE                                                     ______________________________________                                        Data                                                                          In   Strobe   Clear  OE   O(t - 1)                                                                            O(t)  Note:                                   ______________________________________                                        0    1        0      0    x     off   x =                                                                           Irrelevant                              1    1        0      0    x     on    t - 1 =                                                                       previous output state                   x    x        1      x    x     off   t =                                                                           present output state                    x    x        x      1    x     off                                           x    0        0      0    on    on                                            x    0        0      0    off   off                                           ______________________________________                                    

Optionally, one or more of the output driver circuits may be providedwith output parallel wiring that allows each output driver to be used inparallel. These output drivers may be used for delivering a high currentdrive.

The microcontroller 2020 is preferably the Philips model P87c592-EFAdevicehaving an 80c51 core with an array of various I/O capability aspreviously described. In a preferred embodiment of the Valve Driver Node160, the microcontroller 2020 port assignment using the conventional pinassignments is as follows: Port P0.0-0.7 is used for the internal databusI/O 2015, Port P1.0 and Port1.5 are used to port decode the Node 160identity, Port P1.2 is used for board Reset, Port P1.3 and P1.4 arestatusindicators, Port P3.6 is used for board WR/ command, Port P3.7 isused for board RD/ command, and Port 3.2 is used for board Output Enablecommand.

The valve driver node 2 shown on FIG. 1K has the same construction asvalvedriver node 1.

5. Parallel Node

FIG. 27 is a simplified block diagram of the architecture of theParallel Node 140. A CANBUS Interface 1602 connects the CANBUS to theParallel Nodemicrocontroller 1603 which is in turn connected to varioussensors, heatersand motors associated with the BASO, PEROX, Sample ShearValve and the Aspirate and Selector Valve Assemblies, as shown in FIGS.11A and 11C. TheCANBUS interface 1602 is essentially the same asinterface 2011 in the Valve Driver Node 160. Similarly, microcontroller1603 is the same as microcontroller 2020 (although programmeddifferently) and the same internal bus between interface 1602 andmicrocontroller 1603 is used as was described in the Valve Driver Node160 and the other Nodes.

The microcontroller 1603 is connected via a pulse width modulatorcircuit 1604 to the selector valve motor drive circuit 1605 forcontrolling the operation of the circuit. The microcontroller 1603 isalso connected to the PEROX and BASO heater controls 1607 and 1608 viaan output port 1606, and to PEROX and BASO temperature sensors 1610 and1611 via Analog to Digital converter 1609. In addition, a conductivitysensor 1614, a first selector valve motor sensor 1616, a sample shearvalve assembly sensor 1618, a second selector valve motor sensor 1620, amanual open tube sensor1622, and a manual closed tube sensor 1624 areeach connected to the microcontroller 1603 via input port 1612.

The Parallel Node 140 also controls the PEROX and BASO heaters utilizingCMOS control logic, wherein a "high" level enable signal turns theheatersON, and a "low" level signal turns the heaters OFF. The ParallelNode also monitors the analog temperature in the BASO and PEROXchambers, and converts the analog voltages representing the temperaturereadings to digital values using the A/D converter 1609. A minimumresolution of 10 bits is preferred.

The Node 140 provides a pulse width modulated signal utilizing circuit1604to control an FET transistor in the selector valve motor drivecircuit 1605to drive the selector valve motor when the System Controller107 issues commands to operate the selector valve motor. The Node 140preferably is able to drive a DC motor with a current of 3.0 amps, andto provide a 3.0 amp signal to each of the heaters. The Parallel Nodealso provides an input port for the six sensors shown in FIG. 27, namelythe conductivity detector 1614, the first selector valve motor sensor1616, sample shear valve assembly sensor 1618, the second selector valvemotor sensor 1620, manual open tube sensor 1622, and manual closed tubesensor 1624. These inputs are used to determine, among other things, thelocation of a sampleto be aspirated, whereupon the selector valve motoris actuated to be in the position to aspirate the located sample.

Each of the sensor signals is input to a buffer circuit comprising a HexInverting Schmitt Trigger in input port 1612. Capacitors are preferablyused to decouple the analog inputs from transients.

An opto-isolator is used in the selector valve motor driver circuit 1605toisolate the shear face actuator signal delivered to the selector valvemotor (not shown). The Selector Valve Motor Driver Circuit 1605, shownin FIG. 28, includes a voltage comparator 1605A preferably a model LM399device having a ±12 volt bias voltages applied, and related circuitcomponents to produce a 50% duty cycle chopper circuit. This outputdrivesa +12 volt DC motor via a power MOSFET Q1 through connector J6.The comparator 1605A is provided with a threshold voltage of +1.56 volts(±15%), and is compared to the incoming select valve logic signal SELVAL via input port 1612 (FIG. 32). When the threshold is exceeded, thenthe power MOSFET Q1 is turned on. The Selector Valve Driver Circuit 1605has three outputs, a Motor Output, a +24 volt supply, and a ground CGNDterminating in Connector J6.

The analog input signals from each heater sensed at sensors 1610 and1611 is analogous to the temperature sensed. These signals are convertedby analog-to-digital converter 1609 which is preferably a part ofon-Node Microcontroller 1603. A description of the microcontroller 1603and the operation of its analog-to-digital converter 1609 is providedabove. The transfer function for the PEROX analog input is 0 volts foran equivalent +50 degrees Centigrade and +5 volts DC for an equivalent+90 degrees Centigrade. Therefore the function is 8 degrees/1 volt above+50 degrees Centigrade. The transfer function for the BASO analog inputis 0 volts foran equivalent 14 degrees Centigrade and +5 volts DC for anequivalent +40 degrees Centigrade. Therefore the function is 5 degrees/1volt above +40 degrees Centigrade. The BASO heater preferably also hasan open sensor input (not shown) monitored by the microcontroller 1603.

FIGS. 32 and 33 are detailed schematic diagrams of an embodiment of aconductivity detector 1614 for use in the blood analysis system of thepresent invention. The sensing plates 1628 and 1630 of the conductivitydetector 154 are physically connected inside the UFC Valve Assembly 153(see FIG. 11C) in a manner to contact fluids under analysis, whetherstationary or more preferably in motion. In particular, fluids such aswater, blood, reagents and other test material flow in the UFC Valveassembly at certain times during the test cycles. The purpose of theconductivity detector 1614 is to determine whether or not a fluidsample, for example, a blood sample, falls within a predeterminedconductivity range corresponding to a range of acceptable values for theblood sample. If so, then the sample is considered to be a valid bloodsample which should be tested in the normal manner. If not, then noblood analysis tests should be run because a sample that falls outsidethe range indicates a problem with the sample being a valid bloodsample.

Referring to FIG. 32, a signal generator circuit 1625 produces a signalof known frequency and amplitude which is injected, preferably at alltimes, into a fluid via plate 1628 as described above. The signal isgenerated under control of the generator 1625. The signal is then sensedby the pick-up plate 1630 and input to an amplifier circuit 1632, whichamplifiesthe signal before sending it on to a rectifier circuit 1634.The output of the rectifier circuit 1634 is connected to an integratorcircuit 1636. Referring to FIG. 33, the integrated signal is thenpresented to the inputof an adjustable output circuit 1638. The ultimateoutput signal is generated when a blood sample (or other conductivefluid of interest) is present in the UFC Assembly by the conductivitysensor 1614 and is indicative of the conductivity of the solution thatwas sensed between plates 1628 and 1630. In particular, if theconductivity level falls within a predetermined range corresponding toan acceptable blood sample, then a digital zero signal will begenerated. However, if the conductivitylevel is outside the range, thena digital one signal is generated to indicate an unacceptable bloodsample is present. It should be understood that unacceptable bloodsamples can be analyzed when desired, based on thesample having aconductivity value within an appropriate predetermined conductivityrange for the analysis to be performed.

The term hematocrit is defined as the volumetric percent concentrationof red cells in blood and typically ranges from 30 to 50. In thisregard, blood has two major components, red cells and plasma. The redcells are not considered electrically conductive, whereas theconductivity of the blood is due to salts (Na⁺ and Cl⁻). The presence ofred blood cells can reduce the conductivity relative to plasma.

At some very high hematocrit, which makes blood very viscous, theconductivity sensor may "time out" due to the conductivity or viscosityand indicate an unacceptable sample. However, it should be understoodthatsuch a time-out event actually indicates detection of an acceptablesample for test purposes, although the hematocrit value may not fall inan acceptable range of values for conducting a test. For reliability, atime-out event is typically treated as not detecting an acceptablesample such that an analysis is not done.

In detail, generator circuit 1626 comprises an operational amplifier1640 connected to a ±12 Volt source through 0.01 microfarad capacitors1641 and 1642. The inverting and noninverting inputs of the amplifier1640 are connected in a feedback path from the output through 100KΩresistor 1643 and 2610KΩ resistor 1644, respectively. In addition, theinverting input of amplifier 1640 is connected to a -12 Volt referencethrough a 3300 picofarad capacitor 1645, and the non-inverting input isconnected to the -12 Volt reference through a 2260KΩ resistor 1646. Theoutput of the amplifier 1640 is connected to a circuit comprising a 2KΩresistor 1647, a 0.47 microfarad capacitor 1648, a 100KΩ resistor 1649and diodes 1650, 1651, to produce a square wave signal having afrequency of 1.4 Khz and an amplitude of ±0.5 Volts. The square wavesignal is fed to plate 1628, injected into a blood sample and sensed byplate 1630. The sensed signal is fed to the inverting input of amplifier1654 through a 560Ω resistor 1655 along with a feedback signal thatflows through a parallel circuit comprising a 0.001 microfaradcapacitor1656 and an 82KΩ resistor 1657. The non-inverting input of amplifier1654 is connected to a 12 Volt reference. The output signal of theamplifier circuit 1632 is fed to the input of rectifier circuit 1634,which comprises a 10KΩ resistor 1659 connected to the inverting input ofamplifier 1660, which also has input from a feedback path whichcomprises a 15KΩ resistor 1661, a diode 1662 and a 100KΩ resistor 1663in parallel with a 0.0015 microfarad capacitor 1664. The non-invertinginput of amplifier 1660 is connected to a 12 Volt reference.The outputof the rectifier circuit 1634 is then fed to an integrator circuit 1636,which comprises a 100KΩ resistor 1665 connected to theinverting input ofamplifier 1666, which also has input from a feedback path comprising a120KΩ resistor 1667 in parallel with a 0.022 microfarad capacitor 1668.The non-inverting input of amplifier 1666 is connected to a 12 Voltreference. The output of the integrator circuit 1636 is connected to anadjustable output circuit 1638, which comprises a 100KΩ resistorconnected to the inverting input of amplifier 1671 inparallel with avariable resistance circuit comprising a 100KΩ resistor 1672 and apotentiometer 1673 connected to a 6.81KΩ resistor 1674 in parallel witha 20KΩ resistor 1675, which are connected to a +12 Volt reference. Theamplifier 1671 is connected to ±12 Volt reference voltages through 0.01microfarad capacitors 1676 and1677. The non-inverting input of amplifier1671 is connected in a feedback path through a 30KΩ resistor 1768 and toa 12 Volt reference througha 499Ω resistor 1679 in parallel with a 1KΩresistor 1680. The output of amplifier 1671 is also connected toinverter 1684 through a 68.1KΩ resistor 1681 in parallel with a 20KΩresistor 1682, and to a 12 Volt reference through a 6.81KΩ resistor1683. The output signal from the inverter 1684 is indicative of whetheror not the blood sample falls within an acceptable hematocrit range topermit furthertesting. In the output circuit 1638, the potentiometer1673 can be adjustedto select the desired hematic range.

Although the described conductivity detector 1614 of FIG. 29 utilizesone amplifier, one rectifier and one integrator, it is to be understoodthat various other circuit combinations, such as using two or moreamplifier circuits, could be utilized to perform the required signalprocessing functions. One of skill in the art would also recognize thatmultiple pairs of plates could be used to increase detectorcapabilities, and that the sensed signals could be processed in any of anumber of ways to obtainuseful data. For example, each output signalfrom the conductivity detectorcircuit could be processed by the systemmicrocontroller CPU 107 to producedata concerning the amount ofimpurities or the like in the blood sample. Thus, any combination ofusable data signals could be generated to obtain information concerningthe constitution of the blood sample so that only those samples whichfall within a predetermined range or ranges will be tested. This permitsconservation of reagents used in the blood analysis and minimizes theamount of biological wastes that must be processed for disposal. Fornon-blood sample analysis, it would similarly minimize usageof theanalytic reagents that would otherwise be used.

6. Switch Indicator Node

Referring to FIG. 36, the switch indicator node 124 monitors the frontpanel switches and controls the status LEDs on the front panel 2460 overaribbon connector J1, optionally monitors the power supply voltages overconnector J5, and interfaces with CPU 107 over the CANBUS 500.

The Node 124 includes a CAN Interface 2401, a CAN microcontroller 2410,a reset circuit 2420 and an oscillator 2421, all configured aspreviously described for the other Nodes for communication with theCANBUS 500. The CAN Interface 2401 is preferably the Philips Model82C250 device, and the CAN microcontroller 2410 is preferably thePhilips Model 87C592 device. The reader is referred to the descriptionof microcontroller 2110 of the HGB Node (FIG. 34), except for theanalog-to-digital converter portions, wherein the reference numeralsX4XX used in FIG. 37 refers to the same device having reference numeralsX1XX in FIG. 34.

In this Switch Indicator Node 124, the Port P5 of the microcontroller2410 is configured as inputs to the on-board ten bit ADC 2430 of thecontroller2410. ADC 2430 is thus used to monitor, by analog to digitalconversion, the voltages from eight power supplies. The referencevoltage for ADC 2430is 2.5±0.4 volts.

The Port Assignments of microcontroller 2410 are as follows:

    ______________________________________                                        P1.4      Option LED                                                          P1.5      Option Jumper P4                                                    P1.7      Power supply over-temperature sensor                                P3.2      Standby switch                                                      P3.3      Start/Stop switch                                                   P3.4      Eject switch                                                        P3.5      Spare                                                               P4.0      Standby LED                                                                              display                                                  P4.1      Start LED  display                                                  P4.2      Stop LED   dispiay                                                  P4.3      Eject LED  dispiay                                                  P4.4      Rack LED   display                                                  P4.5      Ready LED  display                                                  P4.6      DRST/OE/ - reset/output enable/ for LED driver                      P4.7      Flag - over-current flag for LED driver                             P5.0       +5 volt unswitched power supply                                    P5.1       +5 volt switched power supply                                      P5.2      -12 volt power supply                                               P5.3      +12 volt power supply                                               P5.4      -15 volt power supply                                               P5.5      +15 volt power supply                                               P5.6      +24 volt power supply                                               P5.7       +5 volt lamp supply                                                ______________________________________                                    

The power supply voltages are brought to the Switch/Indicator Node 124on connector J5. All voltages are scaled by voltage dividers (not shown)to fit the 2.5 volt range of the ADC 2430. The negative voltages areinvertedby amplifiers. The isolated lamp supply is buffered bydifferential amplifier 2435.

The transfer function for each channel is thus defined as follows:

    V=N/1024×V.sub.fs

where V is the measured voltage, N is the recorded count on the ADC andV_(fs) is the full scale voltage of the channel.

The connector J5 to the voltage supplies has the following pindefinitions:

    ______________________________________                                        Pin     Port      Function  V.sub.fs                                          ______________________________________                                        J5-6    P5.0       +5 volts  7.500 volts                                                        unswt                                                       J5-5    P5.1       +5 volts  7.500 volts                                                        switched                                                    J5-8    P5.2      -12 volts -25.000 volts                                     J5-2    P5.3      +12 volts +27.000 volts                                     J5-4    P5.4      -15 volts -25.000 volts                                     J5-7    P5.5      +15 volts +27.500 volts                                     J5-1    P5.6      +24 volts +27.500 volts                                     J5-3              AGND                                                        J5-12   P5.7       +5 volts  +6.2375 volts                                                                         2.5%                                                       lamp (+)                                                                      lamp (-)                                                    J5-11             lamp (-)                                                    J5-9    P1.7      Temp                                                        ______________________________________                                    

High temperatures in the power supply assembly are preferably sensedusing an over temperature switch (or similar temperature sensing device)and theoutput of which comparison is passed to port P1.7. Thus, a highsignal on the port indicates a high temperature condition.

The switch closures on the Control Panel 2460 are independently detectedonmicrocontroller ports P3.2-P3.4. Input pins on connector J1 couplingNode 124 to panel 2460 are normally set high and pulled low by a switchclosureto ground. These levels are inverted by inverting amplifier 2462before going to port P3. Switch resistances of less than 380 ohmsconstitute a switch closure.

The Control Panel LEDs are visual display indicators controlled bymicrocontroller port pins P4.0-P4.3 and driven by driver circuit 2164,preferably a MICREL Model 59P50 device through connector J1. Each LED isdriven at 15 ma. The FLAG pin on the MIC59P50 device is connected tomicrocontroller 2410 port P4.7 and signals an over-current orover-temperature fault. The OE/Reset pin of the MIC59P50 device isconnected to port P4.6. Port P4.6 must be low to enable the LED drivers,while a high disables the drivers and/or resets a fault condition.Connector J1 may be fused to protect its 5V output. The connector J1 tothe control Panel interface pin definitions are as follows:

    ______________________________________                                                           Micro-                                                                        Controller                                                 Pin     Design     Port        Port states                                    ______________________________________                                         J1-1   Standby Swt                                                                              P3.2        Hi = Swt closed                                 J1-2   Gnd                                                                    J1-3   Start/Stop Swt                                                                           P3.3        Hi = Swt closed                                 J1-4   Gnd                                                                    J1-5   Eject Swt  P3.4        Hi = Swt closed                                 J1-6   Gnd                                                                    J1-7   Standby Led                                                                              P4.0        Hi = LED on                                     J1-8   AGnd                                                                   J1-9   Start Led  P4.1        Hi = LED on                                    J1-10   AGnd                                                                  J1-11   Stop Led   P4.2        HI = LED on                                    J1-12   AGnd                                                                  J1-13   Eject Led  P4.3        Hi = LED on                                    J1-14   AGnd                                                                  J1-15   Rack Led   P4.4        Hi-LED on                                      J1-16   Off Swt                                                               J1-17   On Led                                                                J1-18   On Swt                                                                J1-19   On/Off Swt                                                            J1-20   +5 V                                                                  ______________________________________                                    

The connector J6 to the LED interface pin definitions are:

    ______________________________________                                                            Micro-Controller                                          Pin     Design      Port         Port states                                  ______________________________________                                        J6-1    Ready       P4.5         hi = LED on                                  J6-2    5 V (100 ohm)                                                         J6-3    CGND                                                                  ______________________________________                                    

A relay K1 controls system power. This circuit is powered by theunswitched5 volt power supply, which is always on. Pressing the ONswitch of the Control Panel 2460 energizes and latches relay K1, whichthen applies power to the solid state relay of the Power Supply assemblythrough AC/DC module connector J4. Pressing the OFF button interruptscurrent to the relay K1 and hence turns the system off.

The Power control port connector J4 pin Definitions are as follows:

    ______________________________________                                        Pin               Desig                                                       ______________________________________                                        J4-1              15VUNSWT                                                    J4-2              5VURET                                                      J4-3              SS PWR RLY                                                  J4-4              CGNC                                                        ______________________________________                                    

Memory 2465 is an optional external memory device, e.g., a Philips model27C256 PROM. When a jumper (not shown) is in the appropriate position,themicrocontroller 2410 will execute its program from this PROM 2465instead of its internal PROM. Otherwise, the internal PROM is theprogram source.

One skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention can bepracticed by other than the described embodiments, which are presentedforpurposes of illustration and not of limitation.

I claim:
 1. A system for orienting an optical device having an optical axis comprising:a body having a section of a cylinder, the cylinder section having a curvature and a longitudinal axis relative to the curvature corresponding to said optical axis; a first turnbuckle and a second turnbuckle mounted to a base for rotation, each of the first and second turnbuckles having a left threaded section and a right threaded section, a first slide mounted on the left threaded section for translation along the left threaded section in response to a rotation of the turnbuckle, and a second slide mounted on the right threaded section for translation along the right threaded section in response to said rotation of the turnbuckle, wherein in each of the first and second slides further comprises a surface having a curvature, wherein the curvature of the cylindrical surface section of the slide is perpendicular to the curvature of the cylindrical section of the body;wherein the body is supported by the surface of the first and second slides, and for a given turnbuckle, the supported body is vertically translated relative to said given turnbuckle by an applied rotation of said turnbuckle to raise or lower the body, and wherein the body can be translated vertically in response to said applied rotation being applied to the first and second turnbuckles equally.
 2. The system of claim 1 wherein each of the first and second slides further comprise a nut threadably interconnected with the turnbuckle threaded section, the nut having a spherical surface portion, and a shaped body having a bore through which the turnbuckle threaded section passes and a receptacle to receive the spherical surface of the nut, wherein the nut translates along the turnbuckle in response to rotation of the turnbuckle and the shaped body translates in response to translation of the nut.
 3. The system of claim 1 further comprising a first platform, wherein the first and second turnbuckles are fixed in a spaced-apart relationship on the base defining a first axis there between, the first axis corresponding to the beam axis, wherein the first platform is movable relative to the base along a second axis to shift the first axis within a range of motion.
 4. The system of claim 3 wherein the second axis is one of perpendicular and parallel to the first axis.
 5. The system of claim 3 further comprising at least one rail and the first platform is mounted on said at least one rail for movement in said axis.
 6. The system of claim 1 wherein the first and second turnbuckles are fixed in a spaced-apart relationship on the base defining a first axis therebetween, the first axis corresponding to the beam axis, and further comprising a first platform and a second platform, the first and second platforms being movably mounted relative to the base for moving in first and second dimensions respectively, the first and second dimensions being perpendicular to each other, wherein one of the first and second platforms supports the base and the other of the first and second platforms support said one platform, wherein the first axis is movable in a plane defined by the first and second dimensions to shift the first axis in a range of motion.
 7. The system of claim 1 further comprising a plurality of springs connecting the body to the slides, each of said springs having a nominal tension to maintain the body in touching contact with the slides.
 8. The system of claim 1 wherein the body further comprises:a first housing having an internal cavity and a longitudinal axis; a second housing containing a laser source having a laser beam output and a collimating lens disposed in the laser beam output, the collimating lens being mounted a fixed distance from the laser beam source to produce a collimated laser beam output, wherein the second housing is adjustably coupled to the first housing so that the laser beam output passes through the housing cavity and is adjustable within a solid cylinder area to define a beam axis through said first housing cavity; a spatial filter comprising an objective lens having a focal point, a first aperture, and a collector lens, the collector lens being mounted in a fixed location in the first housing cavity to intersect the beam axis, the first aperture being mounted in the first housing cavity a fixed distance from said collector lens in the beam axis, wherein the objective lens is secured within the first housing and movable along the beam axis to shift the focal point to a preselected location relative to the first aperture, the spatial filter producing a spatially filtered collimated laser beam output; a beam shaping aperture adjustably mounted in the first housing cavity and positionable to intersect the spatially filtered collimated laser beam output and shape said beam; and a focussing lens assembly containing a focussing lens, the focussing lens assembly being adjustably coupled to the first housing so that the focussing lens is positionable in the laser beam path to focus said shaped beam.
 9. The system of claim 1 wherein the slide surfaces have a cylindrical surface and the slide cylindrical surface is oriented cross-cylindrical to the body cylinder section. 